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Since 1893, Indian settlers in South Africa had pursued a programme of civil disobedience, or 'passive resistance', in opposition to the racist measures imposed by the governments of South Africa. Led by the practising lawyer, Mohandas Gandhi (d. 1948), the protesters secured the Indian Relief Act in 1914, which Gandhi hailed in this 'farewell letter' as 'the Magna Charta of our liberty in this land'. Written just before his departure for India, the letter was published in the South African newspaper, Indian Opinion, founded by Gandhi in 1903. For Gandhi, the settlement was 'our Magna Charta because it marks a change in the policy of the Government towards us "¦ it moreover confirms the theory of the British Constitution that there should be no legal racial inequality between different subjects of the Crown "¦ it has vindicated Passive Resistance as a lawful clean weapon'.

Since 1893, Indian settlers in South Africa had pursued a programme of civil disobedience, or 'passive resistance', in opposition to the racist measures imposed by the governments of South Africa. Led by the practising lawyer, Mohandas Gandhi (d. 1948), the protesters secured the Indian Relief Act in 1914, which Gandhi hailed in this 'farewell letter' as 'the Magna Charta of our liberty in this land'. Written just before his departure for India, the letter was published in the South African newspaper, Indian Opinion, founded by Gandhi in 1903. For Gandhi, the settlement was 'our Magna Charta because it marks a change in the policy of the Government towards us "¦ it moreover confirms the theory of the British Constitution that there should be no legal racial inequality between different subjects of the Crown "¦ it has vindicated Passive Resistance as a lawful clean weapon'.

BL3261239

Letter of Sir Edward Dering sending Magna Carta to Sir Robert Cotton (Dover Castle, 10 May 1630.) Very few people can claim to have been sent a copy of Magna Carta, but that is exactly what happened to Sir Robert Cotton on 10 May 1630, when he received this note from his 'affectionate freind and servant' Sir Edward Dering (d. 1644), the lieutenant of Dover Castle. He wrote: I have sent up two of your books, which have much pleasured me: I have here the charter of K. John dated att Running Meade: by the first safe and sure messenger it is your's. So are the Saxon charters, as fast as I can coppy them: but in the meane time I will close K. John in a boxe and send him. Dering shared Sir Robert Cotton's antiquarian interests, and clearly regarded the Cotton library as a suitable home for Magna Carta. Edward Dering's copy can be identified as the nowdamaged Cotton Charter XIII 31A, part of the British Library's collections.

Letter of Sir Edward Dering sending Magna Carta to Sir Robert Cotton (Dover Castle, 10 May 1630.) Very few people can claim to have been sent a copy of Magna Carta, but that is exactly what happened to Sir Robert Cotton on 10 May 1630, when he received this note from his 'affectionate freind and servant' Sir Edward Dering (d. 1644), the lieutenant of Dover Castle. He wrote: I have sent up two of your books, which have much pleasured me: I have here the charter of K. John dated att Running Meade: by the first safe and sure messenger it is your's. So are the Saxon charters, as fast as I can coppy them: but in the meane time I will close K. John in a boxe and send him. Dering shared Sir Robert Cotton's antiquarian interests, and clearly regarded the Cotton library as a suitable home for Magna Carta. Edward Dering's copy can be identified as the nowdamaged Cotton Charter XIII 31A, part of the British Library's collections.

BL3261242

Tetrapylon, Aanjar, Bekaa Valley, Lebanon Umayyad era archaeological site (photo)

Tetrapylon, Aanjar, Bekaa Valley, Lebanon Umayyad era archaeological site (photo)

Paul Doyle

DOY3962468

The Frame of the Government of Pennsylvania. Having received a substantial grant of lands in 1681 in what would become known as Pennsylvania, William Penn set about devising a constitution for his new colony, which became The Frame of the Government of Pennsylvania. That document, and its accompanying 'Laws agreed upon in England', contained many provisions based on Magna Carta, including that 'all fines shall be moderate' (Law XVIII). Law XVIII in turn reflected clause 20, stating that fines should be proportionate to the offence committed. This was the first time that an American colony had expressly adopted elements of Magna Carta as part of the initial act of colonisation

The Frame of the Government of Pennsylvania. Having received a substantial grant of lands in 1681 in what would become known as Pennsylvania, William Penn set about devising a constitution for his new colony, which became The Frame of the Government of Pennsylvania. That document, and its accompanying 'Laws agreed upon in England', contained many provisions based on Magna Carta, including that 'all fines shall be moderate' (Law XVIII). Law XVIII in turn reflected clause 20, stating that fines should be proportionate to the offence committed. This was the first time that an American colony had expressly adopted elements of Magna Carta as part of the initial act of colonisation

BL3289717

The Lawes of Virginia. Virginia was the first permanent English colony in North America, established by the London Company in 1607. The foundation charter of that new colony, drafted by Sir Edward Coke (d. 1634), stated that English law should be applied to the settlers. However, by the time that The Lawes of Virginia was published in 1662, it had become evident that certain principles of English law, which took their inspiration from Magna Carta, were no longer recognised in Virginia. This was especially the case regarding 'Tryals by Juryes', which were limited by the legal procedures instituted in that colony. The Lawes of Virginia therefore directed that, as this 'restriction is quite contrary to the Law of England "¦ by which we are to be governed', trial by jury was to be reinstated, and a jury empanelled to attend court on a daily basis

The Lawes of Virginia. Virginia was the first permanent English colony in North America, established by the London Company in 1607. The foundation charter of that new colony, drafted by Sir Edward Coke (d. 1634), stated that English law should be applied to the settlers. However, by the time that The Lawes of Virginia was published in 1662, it had become evident that certain principles of English law, which took their inspiration from Magna Carta, were no longer recognised in Virginia. This was especially the case regarding 'Tryals by Juryes', which were limited by the legal procedures instituted in that colony. The Lawes of Virginia therefore directed that, as this 'restriction is quite contrary to the Law of England "¦ by which we are to be governed', trial by jury was to be reinstated, and a jury empanelled to attend court on a daily basis

BL3289721

Man Ray's Gift, 1999 (graphite on paper)

Man Ray's Gift, 1999 (graphite on paper)

Fischer, Dan (b.1977)

IMJ407211

Having received a substantial grant of lands in 1681 in what would become known as Pennsylvania, William Penn set about devising a constitution for his new colony, which became The Frame of the Government of Pennsylvania. That document, and its accompanying 'Laws agreed upon in England', contained many provisions based on Magna Carta, including that 'all Courts shall be open, and Justice shall neither be sold, denyed nor delayed' (Law V), that court proceedings 'may be understood, and Justice speedily administred' (Law VII). The first of these provisions closely echoed clause 40 of the 1215 Magna Carta ('To no one will we sell, to no one deny or delay right or justice'). This was the first time that an American colony had expressly adopted elements of Magna Carta as part of the initial act of colonisation

Having received a substantial grant of lands in 1681 in what would become known as Pennsylvania, William Penn set about devising a constitution for his new colony, which became The Frame of the Government of Pennsylvania. That document, and its accompanying 'Laws agreed upon in England', contained many provisions based on Magna Carta, including that 'all Courts shall be open, and Justice shall neither be sold, denyed nor delayed' (Law V), that court proceedings 'may be understood, and Justice speedily administred' (Law VII). The first of these provisions closely echoed clause 40 of the 1215 Magna Carta ('To no one will we sell, to no one deny or delay right or justice'). This was the first time that an American colony had expressly adopted elements of Magna Carta as part of the initial act of colonisation

BL3289713

Uzbekistan: Letter of Timur to Charles VI of France, 1402, a witness to Timurid relations with Europe.

Uzbekistan: Letter of Timur to Charles VI of France, 1402, a witness to Timurid relations with Europe.

PFH1168432

The Declaration of Rights made by the Representatives of the good people of Virginia, assembled in full and free Convention; which rights do pertain to them, and their posterity as the basis and foundation of Government'

The Declaration of Rights made by the Representatives of the good people of Virginia, assembled in full and free Convention; which rights do pertain to them, and their posterity as the basis and foundation of Government'

BL3261942

The Declaration of Rights made by the Representatives of the good people of Virginia, assembled in full and free Convention; which rights do pertain to them, and their posterity as the basis and foundation of Government'

The Declaration of Rights made by the Representatives of the good people of Virginia, assembled in full and free Convention; which rights do pertain to them, and their posterity as the basis and foundation of Government'

BL3261943

At Runnymede, at Runnymede / What moves the reeds at Runnymede?' So begins this poem by Rudyard Kipling (d. 1936), first published in 1911. 'The Reeds of Runnymede' was commissioned to accompany a children's history of England, written by the Oxford academic, C. R. L. Fletcher (d. 1934), to which Kipling contributed twenty-three poems. The book itself received a mixed reaction, on account of Fletcher's racial prejudices. For instance, Fletcher denigrated the native people of Australia as 'a few miserable blacks, who could hardly use even bows and arrows', and he lamented the impact of the abolition of slavery on the prosperity of the West Indies. A History of England was venerated by some, but it was condemned by the Manchester Guardian as a pernicious influence on the minds of children, and the volume was banned in parts of the British Empire. Kipling's poem, seen here in the author's draft, is uncontentious. The author imagines that the reeds in the Runnymede water meadow are w

At Runnymede, at Runnymede / What moves the reeds at Runnymede?' So begins this poem by Rudyard Kipling (d. 1936), first published in 1911. 'The Reeds of Runnymede' was commissioned to accompany a children's history of England, written by the Oxford academic, C. R. L. Fletcher (d. 1934), to which Kipling contributed twenty-three poems. The book itself received a mixed reaction, on account of Fletcher's racial prejudices. For instance, Fletcher denigrated the native people of Australia as 'a few miserable blacks, who could hardly use even bows and arrows', and he lamented the impact of the abolition of slavery on the prosperity of the West Indies. A History of England was venerated by some, but it was condemned by the Manchester Guardian as a pernicious influence on the minds of children, and the volume was banned in parts of the British Empire. Kipling's poem, seen here in the author's draft, is uncontentious. The author imagines that the reeds in the Runnymede water meadow are w

BL3305448

Iran / Persia: The Div Akvan throws Rustam into the sea. From a 16th-17th century Persian Shahnameh

Iran / Persia: The Div Akvan throws Rustam into the sea. From a 16th-17th century Persian Shahnameh

PFH1184737

A Declaration of the General Court holden at Boston 4 (9) 1646, concerning a Remonstrance and Petition exhibited at last Session of this Court by Doctor Child, Thomas Fowle, Samuel Maverick, Thomas Burton, John Smith, David Yale, and John Dand'

A Declaration of the General Court holden at Boston 4 (9) 1646, concerning a Remonstrance and Petition exhibited at last Session of this Court by Doctor Child, Thomas Fowle, Samuel Maverick, Thomas Burton, John Smith, David Yale, and John Dand'

BL3261294

Serving dropping a tea-urn on gentleman's leg in a parlour. Handcoloured copperplate drawn and etched by John Augustus Atkinson from Illustrations of the Miseries of Human Life, William Miller, London, 1807.

Serving dropping a tea-urn on gentleman's leg in a parlour. Handcoloured copperplate drawn and etched by John Augustus Atkinson from Illustrations of the Miseries of Human Life, William Miller, London, 1807.

FLO4679268

The Lawes of Virginia. Virginia was the first permanent English colony in North America, established by the London Company in 1607. The foundation charter of that new colony, drafted by Sir Edward Coke (d. 1634), stated that English law should be applied to the settlers. However, by the time that The Lawes of Virginia was published in 1662, it had become evident that certain principles of English law, which took their inspiration from Magna Carta, were no longer recognised in Virginia. This was especially the case regarding 'Tryals by Juryes', which were limited by the legal procedures instituted in that colony. The Lawes of Virginia therefore directed that, as this 'restriction is quite contrary to the Law of England "¦ by which we are to be governed', trial by jury was to be reinstated, and a jury empanelled to attend court on a daily basis

The Lawes of Virginia. Virginia was the first permanent English colony in North America, established by the London Company in 1607. The foundation charter of that new colony, drafted by Sir Edward Coke (d. 1634), stated that English law should be applied to the settlers. However, by the time that The Lawes of Virginia was published in 1662, it had become evident that certain principles of English law, which took their inspiration from Magna Carta, were no longer recognised in Virginia. This was especially the case regarding 'Tryals by Juryes', which were limited by the legal procedures instituted in that colony. The Lawes of Virginia therefore directed that, as this 'restriction is quite contrary to the Law of England "¦ by which we are to be governed', trial by jury was to be reinstated, and a jury empanelled to attend court on a daily basis

BL3289718

Mrs Flora Annie Steel (engraving)

Mrs Flora Annie Steel (engraving)

English School, (19th century)

LLM3627845

This Appendix to issue forty-five of The North Briton was published after John Wilkes returned from exile in 1768. Despite being arrested and jailed in the King's Bench Prison, Wilkes sought re-election to Parliament (1768-69), and he used The North Briton to promote himself as a defender of ancient English liberties. The Appendix supplied a detailed account of his prosecution, and began by repeating in full the famous clause from Magna Carta stating that 'No freeman may be apprehended or imprisoned "¦', which was quoted in Latin in the main body of the text and translated into English in a footnote. From his prison cell, Wilkes was re-elected as a Member of Parliament for Middlesex and Alderman of London, despite opposition from the government. His use of Magna Carta was a masterstroke, and throughout this period the rallying cry of 'Wilkes and liberty' was repeatedly heard on the streets of London

This Appendix to issue forty-five of The North Briton was published after John Wilkes returned from exile in 1768. Despite being arrested and jailed in the King's Bench Prison, Wilkes sought re-election to Parliament (1768-69), and he used The North Briton to promote himself as a defender of ancient English liberties. The Appendix supplied a detailed account of his prosecution, and began by repeating in full the famous clause from Magna Carta stating that 'No freeman may be apprehended or imprisoned "¦', which was quoted in Latin in the main body of the text and translated into English in a footnote. From his prison cell, Wilkes was re-elected as a Member of Parliament for Middlesex and Alderman of London, despite opposition from the government. His use of Magna Carta was a masterstroke, and throughout this period the rallying cry of 'Wilkes and liberty' was repeatedly heard on the streets of London

BL3294691

William Blackstone's The Great Charter and Charter of the Forest contains the texts of fourteen medieval documents, tracing the history of Magna Carta from the Articles of the Barons in 1215 to the confirmation of the charter by King Edward I (r. 1272-1307) in 1300. The Great Charter was a pioneering piece of historical scholarship, based on examination of the original documents. Most importantly, Blackstone was the first to publish an accurate version of the text of Magna Carta as issued by King John in 1215. In so doing, he was able to establish that the 1215 Magna Carta was significantly different from the version entered on the Statute Roll in 1297 (itself derived from the 1225 Magna Carta)

William Blackstone's The Great Charter and Charter of the Forest contains the texts of fourteen medieval documents, tracing the history of Magna Carta from the Articles of the Barons in 1215 to the confirmation of the charter by King Edward I (r. 1272-1307) in 1300. The Great Charter was a pioneering piece of historical scholarship, based on examination of the original documents. Most importantly, Blackstone was the first to publish an accurate version of the text of Magna Carta as issued by King John in 1215. In so doing, he was able to establish that the 1215 Magna Carta was significantly different from the version entered on the Statute Roll in 1297 (itself derived from the 1225 Magna Carta)

BL3261251

The trial of James Creassy was met with indignation by many British residents in Bengal, who published this commentary on the case to accompany the petition to the House of Commons in 1779. Ignoring Creassy's crime, the authors of the commentary criticised the Supreme Court of Judicature for denying trial by jury to British subjects. In support of Creassy's request for a jury, the commentary argued that the 'indubitable and unalienable Privilege' of British law extended to Britons living in India; this privilege, it claimed, had been rejected by Sir Elijah Impey (d. 1809), the Chief Justice, who argued that 'the Bill of Rights and Magna Charta' had 'merely a local Influence' confined to Britain, and that Creassy 'was running his Head against a Wall, and would dash his Brains out' if he persisted in the appeal. The petition and its accompanying commentary eventually forced Parliament to reform the Bengal Supreme Court in 1781.

The trial of James Creassy was met with indignation by many British residents in Bengal, who published this commentary on the case to accompany the petition to the House of Commons in 1779. Ignoring Creassy's crime, the authors of the commentary criticised the Supreme Court of Judicature for denying trial by jury to British subjects. In support of Creassy's request for a jury, the commentary argued that the 'indubitable and unalienable Privilege' of British law extended to Britons living in India; this privilege, it claimed, had been rejected by Sir Elijah Impey (d. 1809), the Chief Justice, who argued that 'the Bill of Rights and Magna Charta' had 'merely a local Influence' confined to Britain, and that Creassy 'was running his Head against a Wall, and would dash his Brains out' if he persisted in the appeal. The petition and its accompanying commentary eventually forced Parliament to reform the Bengal Supreme Court in 1781.

BL3311579

The trial of James Creassy was met with indignation by many British residents in Bengal, who published this commentary on the case to accompany the petition to the House of Commons in 1779. Ignoring Creassy's crime, the authors of the commentary criticised the Supreme Court of Judicature for denying trial by jury to British subjects. In support of Creassy's request for a jury, the commentary argued that the 'indubitable and unalienable Privilege' of British law extended to Britons living in India; this privilege, it claimed, had been rejected by Sir Elijah Impey (d. 1809), the Chief Justice, who argued that 'the Bill of Rights and Magna Charta' had 'merely a local Influence' confined to Britain, and that Creassy 'was running his Head against a Wall, and would dash his Brains out' if he persisted in the appeal. The petition and its accompanying commentary eventually forced Parliament to reform the Bengal Supreme Court in 1781.

The trial of James Creassy was met with indignation by many British residents in Bengal, who published this commentary on the case to accompany the petition to the House of Commons in 1779. Ignoring Creassy's crime, the authors of the commentary criticised the Supreme Court of Judicature for denying trial by jury to British subjects. In support of Creassy's request for a jury, the commentary argued that the 'indubitable and unalienable Privilege' of British law extended to Britons living in India; this privilege, it claimed, had been rejected by Sir Elijah Impey (d. 1809), the Chief Justice, who argued that 'the Bill of Rights and Magna Charta' had 'merely a local Influence' confined to Britain, and that Creassy 'was running his Head against a Wall, and would dash his Brains out' if he persisted in the appeal. The petition and its accompanying commentary eventually forced Parliament to reform the Bengal Supreme Court in 1781.

BL3311578

The Old Issue: October 9, 1899 (Outbreak of Boer War)'. First published in September 1899, a month before the outbreak of the second Boer War, Rudyard Kipling's 'The Old Issue' referred to Magna Carta when attacking Paul Kruger's government in the Transvaal, which had consistently denied political and civic rights to British settlers in the region. Kipling (d. 1936) revised the poem for later collections to emphasise its connection with the Boer War. The poem appears here in Kipling's personal copy of his collected verse from 1919. The title of the poem suggests that the denial of rights by a tyrannical ruler was an 'old issue' that the English had resisted since Magna Carta. When first published, the poem was used to advocate British military intervention in the Transvaal; editions published after the war were justifications of empire which, to Kipling, defended liberty and the rule of law across the globe.

The Old Issue: October 9, 1899 (Outbreak of Boer War)'. First published in September 1899, a month before the outbreak of the second Boer War, Rudyard Kipling's 'The Old Issue' referred to Magna Carta when attacking Paul Kruger's government in the Transvaal, which had consistently denied political and civic rights to British settlers in the region. Kipling (d. 1936) revised the poem for later collections to emphasise its connection with the Boer War. The poem appears here in Kipling's personal copy of his collected verse from 1919. The title of the poem suggests that the denial of rights by a tyrannical ruler was an 'old issue' that the English had resisted since Magna Carta. When first published, the poem was used to advocate British military intervention in the Transvaal; editions published after the war were justifications of empire which, to Kipling, defended liberty and the rule of law across the globe.

BL3303947

The Fathers Legacy (colour litho)

The Fathers Legacy (colour litho)

English School, (19th century)

LLM3621367

Iran / Persia: Siwayu proves his innocence by riding through fire. Illustration from an early 14th century Shahnameh, Isfahan

Iran / Persia: Siwayu proves his innocence by riding through fire. Illustration from an early 14th century Shahnameh, Isfahan

PFH1179934

Verse account of the Magna Carta for the year 1215

Verse account of the Magna Carta for the year 1215

BL3287479

Verse account of the Magna Carta for the year 1215

Verse account of the Magna Carta for the year 1215

BL3287483

The Statutes of the Realm was a ground-breaking publication which, for the first time, brought together printed editions of Magna Carta as issued in 1215, 1216, 1217, 1225 and 1297. The text of each document was reproduced to show abbreviations, corrections and variants between the surviving copies. Most remarkably, facsimiles were also published of selected manuscripts, including the Lincoln Cathedral version of King John's 1215 Magna Carta. The editors based their text of the 1215 charter on this Lincoln copy, collated with the two then held by the British Museum (now at the British Library) and the text in the Red Book of the Exchequer (now at the National Archives). The Salisbury Cathedral manuscript of Magna Carta was rediscovered after 1810, when this publication was prepared. The House of Commons had first proposed the publication of the statutes in 1800, and this is the copy presented to the King's own library.

The Statutes of the Realm was a ground-breaking publication which, for the first time, brought together printed editions of Magna Carta as issued in 1215, 1216, 1217, 1225 and 1297. The text of each document was reproduced to show abbreviations, corrections and variants between the surviving copies. Most remarkably, facsimiles were also published of selected manuscripts, including the Lincoln Cathedral version of King John's 1215 Magna Carta. The editors based their text of the 1215 charter on this Lincoln copy, collated with the two then held by the British Museum (now at the British Library) and the text in the Red Book of the Exchequer (now at the National Archives). The Salisbury Cathedral manuscript of Magna Carta was rediscovered after 1810, when this publication was prepared. The House of Commons had first proposed the publication of the statutes in 1800, and this is the copy presented to the King's own library.

BL3261241

A shield, other items and seal.

A shield, other items and seal.

BL3296135

Right panel, from the main altar polyptych, depicting the donor of the altarpiece, Michel de Chaugy, 1460-66 (oil on panel)

Right panel, from the main altar polyptych, depicting the donor of the altarpiece, Michel de Chaugy, 1460-66 (oil on panel)

Weyden, Rogier van der (1399-1464) (attr. to)

XIR344038

Iran / Persia: Suhrab, son of Rustam, discovers he has been fighting with Gurdafarid when he rips her helmet off and discovers she is a woman. Illustration from an early 14th century Shahnameh, Isfahan

Iran / Persia: Suhrab, son of Rustam, discovers he has been fighting with Gurdafarid when he rips her helmet off and discovers she is a woman. Illustration from an early 14th century Shahnameh, Isfahan

PFH1179931

Iran / Persia: Rustam tears a Turkish rider - probably Kamus, a vassal of Afrasiab - off his horse. Illustration from an early 14th century Shahnameh, Isfahan

Iran / Persia: Rustam tears a Turkish rider - probably Kamus, a vassal of Afrasiab - off his horse. Illustration from an early 14th century Shahnameh, Isfahan

PFH1179932

Interior of a cathedral.

Interior of a cathedral.

BL3296136

A papal bull of Innocent III, annulling 'Magna Carta', Anagni, 24th August 1215

A papal bull of Innocent III, annulling 'Magna Carta', Anagni, 24th August 1215

BL3296361

Tetrapylon, Aanjar, Bekaa Valley, Lebanon Umayyad era archaeological site (photo)

Tetrapylon, Aanjar, Bekaa Valley, Lebanon Umayyad era archaeological site (photo)

Paul Doyle

DOY3962462

Scipio at the deathbed of Masinissa (litho)

Scipio at the deathbed of Masinissa (litho)

Weatherstone, A.C. (fl.1888-1929)

STC358069

The Statutes of the Realm was a ground-breaking publication which, for the first time, brought together printed editions of Magna Carta as issued in 1215, 1216, 1217, 1225 and 1297. The text of each document was reproduced to show abbreviations, corrections and variants between the surviving copies. Most remarkably, facsimiles were also published of selected manuscripts, including the Lincoln Cathedral version of King John's 1215 Magna Carta. The editors based their text of the 1215 charter on this Lincoln copy, collated with the two then held by the British Museum (now at the British Library) and the text in the Red Book of the Exchequer (now at the National Archives). The Salisbury Cathedral manuscript of Magna Carta was rediscovered after 1810, when this publication was prepared. The House of Commons had first proposed the publication of the statutes in 1800, and this is the copy presented to the King's own library.

The Statutes of the Realm was a ground-breaking publication which, for the first time, brought together printed editions of Magna Carta as issued in 1215, 1216, 1217, 1225 and 1297. The text of each document was reproduced to show abbreviations, corrections and variants between the surviving copies. Most remarkably, facsimiles were also published of selected manuscripts, including the Lincoln Cathedral version of King John's 1215 Magna Carta. The editors based their text of the 1215 charter on this Lincoln copy, collated with the two then held by the British Museum (now at the British Library) and the text in the Red Book of the Exchequer (now at the National Archives). The Salisbury Cathedral manuscript of Magna Carta was rediscovered after 1810, when this publication was prepared. The House of Commons had first proposed the publication of the statutes in 1800, and this is the copy presented to the King's own library.

BL3261240

William Blackstone's The Great Charter and Charter of the Forest contains the texts of fourteen medieval documents, tracing the history of Magna Carta from the Articles of the Barons in 1215 to the confirmation of the charter by King Edward I (r. 1272-1307) in 1300. The Great Charter was a pioneering piece of historical scholarship, based on examination of the original documents. Most importantly, Blackstone was the first to publish an accurate version of the text of Magna Carta as issued by King John in 1215. In so doing, he was able to establish that the 1215 Magna Carta was significantly different from the version entered on the Statute Roll in 1297 (itself derived from the 1225 Magna Carta)

William Blackstone's The Great Charter and Charter of the Forest contains the texts of fourteen medieval documents, tracing the history of Magna Carta from the Articles of the Barons in 1215 to the confirmation of the charter by King Edward I (r. 1272-1307) in 1300. The Great Charter was a pioneering piece of historical scholarship, based on examination of the original documents. Most importantly, Blackstone was the first to publish an accurate version of the text of Magna Carta as issued by King John in 1215. In so doing, he was able to establish that the 1215 Magna Carta was significantly different from the version entered on the Statute Roll in 1297 (itself derived from the 1225 Magna Carta)

BL3261271

Iran / Persia: Rudaba gives birth to Rustam (Rostam). To the right is the Simurgh or Persian phoenix, which has just been called by Rustam's father Zal through the burning of one of the bird's feathers. Illustration from an early 14th century Shahnameh, I

Iran / Persia: Rudaba gives birth to Rustam (Rostam). To the right is the Simurgh or Persian phoenix, which has just been called by Rustam's father Zal through the burning of one of the bird's feathers. Illustration from an early 14th century Shahnameh, I

PFH1179933

Cardo Maximus, Aanjar, Bekaa Valley, Lebanon Umayyad era archaeological site (photo)

Cardo Maximus, Aanjar, Bekaa Valley, Lebanon Umayyad era archaeological site (photo)

Paul Doyle

DOY3962464

In 1670 the Quaker and future founder of Pennsylvania, William Penn (d. 1718), was arrested on a charge of being part of an 'unlawful and tumultuous' assembly in London. Having been tried at the Old Bailey, Penn was initially acquitted by the jury, whose members were then chastised, fined and imprisoned for having returned a verdict of not guilty. Invoking Magna Carta, an incredulous Penn called from the dock, 'It is intolerable that my Jury should be thus menaced; Is this according to the fundamental Laws? Are not they my proper Judges by the great Charter of England?' Penn published this transcript of his trial, representing his cause as a defence of the ancient liberties embodied in Magna Carta, to which was added a lengthy analysis of 'the Material Parts of the Great Charter of England'

In 1670 the Quaker and future founder of Pennsylvania, William Penn (d. 1718), was arrested on a charge of being part of an 'unlawful and tumultuous' assembly in London. Having been tried at the Old Bailey, Penn was initially acquitted by the jury, whose members were then chastised, fined and imprisoned for having returned a verdict of not guilty. Invoking Magna Carta, an incredulous Penn called from the dock, 'It is intolerable that my Jury should be thus menaced; Is this according to the fundamental Laws? Are not they my proper Judges by the great Charter of England?' Penn published this transcript of his trial, representing his cause as a defence of the ancient liberties embodied in Magna Carta, to which was added a lengthy analysis of 'the Material Parts of the Great Charter of England'

BL3261225

In 1670 the Quaker and future founder of Pennsylvania, William Penn (d. 1718), was arrested on a charge of being part of an 'unlawful and tumultuous' assembly in London. Having been tried at the Old Bailey, Penn was initially acquitted by the jury, whose members were then chastised, fined and imprisoned for having returned a verdict of not guilty. Invoking Magna Carta, an incredulous Penn called from the dock, 'It is intolerable that my Jury should be thus menaced; Is this according to the fundamental Laws? Are not they my proper Judges by the great Charter of England?' Penn published this transcript of his trial, representing his cause as a defence of the ancient liberties embodied in Magna Carta, to which was added a lengthy analysis of 'the Material Parts of the Great Charter of England'

In 1670 the Quaker and future founder of Pennsylvania, William Penn (d. 1718), was arrested on a charge of being part of an 'unlawful and tumultuous' assembly in London. Having been tried at the Old Bailey, Penn was initially acquitted by the jury, whose members were then chastised, fined and imprisoned for having returned a verdict of not guilty. Invoking Magna Carta, an incredulous Penn called from the dock, 'It is intolerable that my Jury should be thus menaced; Is this according to the fundamental Laws? Are not they my proper Judges by the great Charter of England?' Penn published this transcript of his trial, representing his cause as a defence of the ancient liberties embodied in Magna Carta, to which was added a lengthy analysis of 'the Material Parts of the Great Charter of England'

BL3261243

Lion's head & Cornice, Baalbek, Bekaa Valley, Lebanon (photo)

Lion's head & Cornice, Baalbek, Bekaa Valley, Lebanon (photo)

Paul Doyle

DOY3962438

A Plea for the Constitution, Jeremy Bentham, 1803

A Plea for the Constitution, Jeremy Bentham, 1803

BL3261231

Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Born out of World War II, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights represents the first global codification of rights to which all human beings are inherently entitled. The framers of the Declaration drew on previous models of rights and a few of its articles look back as far as Magna Carta; for example, Article 9 of the Declaration, relating to freedom from arbitrary arrest, detention and exile, echoes the essence of clause 39 in the 1215 Magna Carta. Following the adoption of the Declaration by the United Nations General Assembly on 10 December 1948, the influence of Magna Carta was acknowledged by Eleanor Roosevelt, Chairman of the United Nations Committee on Human Rights. She declared in a speech to the Assembly that, 'this Universal Declaration of Human Rights may well become the international Magna Carta of all men everywhere'.

Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Born out of World War II, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights represents the first global codification of rights to which all human beings are inherently entitled. The framers of the Declaration drew on previous models of rights and a few of its articles look back as far as Magna Carta; for example, Article 9 of the Declaration, relating to freedom from arbitrary arrest, detention and exile, echoes the essence of clause 39 in the 1215 Magna Carta. Following the adoption of the Declaration by the United Nations General Assembly on 10 December 1948, the influence of Magna Carta was acknowledged by Eleanor Roosevelt, Chairman of the United Nations Committee on Human Rights. She declared in a speech to the Assembly that, 'this Universal Declaration of Human Rights may well become the international Magna Carta of all men everywhere'.

BL3261244

They cast a fearful glance at the two enchanted Moors, illustration from 'Tales of the Alhambra' by Washington Irving (colour litho)

They cast a fearful glance at the two enchanted Moors, illustration from 'Tales of the Alhambra' by Washington Irving (colour litho)

Dixon, Arthur A. (1872-1959)

IL616636

In 1821 M. Landry of Fancy Repository, Greenwich, published this children's game which gave prominence to the Great Charter. Described by its anonymous author as an 'Instructive Pastime', the game was designed to teach chivalry to younger people. The playing cards were hand-coloured, with each one bearing an image of the twenty-four Orders of Knighthood, or an important event, item or person associated with English history. Among the cards were 'Magna Charta' (No. 52), 'Bill of Rights' (No. 39), 'Robin Hood' (No. 5) and 'Doomsday Book' (No. 4). According to the rather complicated rules, 'Magna Charta takes any card and is privileged to mark twelve points'. Intriguingly, 'Magna Charta' itself is represented not by a picture of a medieval document but by two pink roses.

In 1821 M. Landry of Fancy Repository, Greenwich, published this children's game which gave prominence to the Great Charter. Described by its anonymous author as an 'Instructive Pastime', the game was designed to teach chivalry to younger people. The playing cards were hand-coloured, with each one bearing an image of the twenty-four Orders of Knighthood, or an important event, item or person associated with English history. Among the cards were 'Magna Charta' (No. 52), 'Bill of Rights' (No. 39), 'Robin Hood' (No. 5) and 'Doomsday Book' (No. 4). According to the rather complicated rules, 'Magna Charta takes any card and is privileged to mark twelve points'. Intriguingly, 'Magna Charta' itself is represented not by a picture of a medieval document but by two pink roses.

BL3261270

The Old Issue: October 9, 1899 (Outbreak of Boer War)'. First published in September 1899, a month before the outbreak of the second Boer War, Rudyard Kipling's 'The Old Issue' referred to Magna Carta when attacking Paul Kruger's government in the Transvaal, which had consistently denied political and civic rights to British settlers in the region. Kipling (d. 1936) revised the poem for later collections to emphasise its connection with the Boer War. The poem appears here in Kipling's personal copy of his collected verse from 1919. The title of the poem suggests that the denial of rights by a tyrannical ruler was an 'old issue' that the English had resisted since Magna Carta. When first published, the poem was used to advocate British military intervention in the Transvaal; editions published after the war were justifications of empire which, to Kipling, defended liberty and the rule of law across the globe.

The Old Issue: October 9, 1899 (Outbreak of Boer War)'. First published in September 1899, a month before the outbreak of the second Boer War, Rudyard Kipling's 'The Old Issue' referred to Magna Carta when attacking Paul Kruger's government in the Transvaal, which had consistently denied political and civic rights to British settlers in the region. Kipling (d. 1936) revised the poem for later collections to emphasise its connection with the Boer War. The poem appears here in Kipling's personal copy of his collected verse from 1919. The title of the poem suggests that the denial of rights by a tyrannical ruler was an 'old issue' that the English had resisted since Magna Carta. When first published, the poem was used to advocate British military intervention in the Transvaal; editions published after the war were justifications of empire which, to Kipling, defended liberty and the rule of law across the globe.

BL3303946

The European Convention on Human Rights is a pan-European treaty, drafted by a committee of the Council of Europe in which the British Conservative politician and lawyer, David Maxwell Fyfe (d. 1967), played an instrumental role. Ratified in 1950 and in force since 1953, the Convention provides the first collective commitment of states to comply with the obligations outlined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Certain of its statements, though distilled through time, relate to key clauses in Magna Carta. For example, Articles 5 and 6(1) of the Convention, which address individual freedoms and legal rights, reassert principles found in clauses 39-40 of the 1215 Magna Carta. The Convention states that, 'Everyone has the right to liberty and security of person. No one shall be deprived of his liberty save "¦ in accordance with a procedure prescribed by law'. The Convention established the European Court of Human Rights which enforces its terms.

The European Convention on Human Rights is a pan-European treaty, drafted by a committee of the Council of Europe in which the British Conservative politician and lawyer, David Maxwell Fyfe (d. 1967), played an instrumental role. Ratified in 1950 and in force since 1953, the Convention provides the first collective commitment of states to comply with the obligations outlined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Certain of its statements, though distilled through time, relate to key clauses in Magna Carta. For example, Articles 5 and 6(1) of the Convention, which address individual freedoms and legal rights, reassert principles found in clauses 39-40 of the 1215 Magna Carta. The Convention states that, 'Everyone has the right to liberty and security of person. No one shall be deprived of his liberty save "¦ in accordance with a procedure prescribed by law'. The Convention established the European Court of Human Rights which enforces its terms.

BL3261247

Temple of Bacchus, Baalbek, Bekaa Valley, Lebanon (photo)

Temple of Bacchus, Baalbek, Bekaa Valley, Lebanon (photo)

Paul Doyle

DOY3962444

Section of the Great Palace, Aanjar, Bekaa Valley, Lebanon Umayyad era archaeological site (photo)

Section of the Great Palace, Aanjar, Bekaa Valley, Lebanon Umayyad era archaeological site (photo)

Paul Doyle

DOY3962473

Entrance to Central Avenue, Palmyra (Tadmor), Syria (photo)

Entrance to Central Avenue, Palmyra (Tadmor), Syria (photo)

Paul Doyle

DOY3928382

The Great Palace, Aanjar, Bekaa Valley, Lebanon Umayyad era archaeological site (photo)

The Great Palace, Aanjar, Bekaa Valley, Lebanon Umayyad era archaeological site (photo)

Paul Doyle

DOY3962475

A letter from Sir Edward Dering to Sir Robert Cotton, 10th May 1630

A letter from Sir Edward Dering to Sir Robert Cotton, 10th May 1630

BL3296277

The Great Palace, Anjar, Bekaa Valley, Lebanon Umayyad era archaeological site (photo)

The Great Palace, Anjar, Bekaa Valley, Lebanon Umayyad era archaeological site (photo)

Paul Doyle

DOY3962471

The 6 remaining standing columns of the Temple of Jupiter, Baalbek, Bekaa Valley, Lebanon (photo)

The 6 remaining standing columns of the Temple of Jupiter, Baalbek, Bekaa Valley, Lebanon (photo)

Paul Doyle

DOY3962437

The House of Commons. This is the earliest representation of the House of Commons sitting in the former St. Stephen's Chapel in the Palace of Westminster. Originally published as a print in 1624, it is unlikely to be accurate in all its details, but it gives a reasonable impression of the tall, narrow and cramped chamber in which the House met, and in which the debates leading to the Petition of Right took place. It seems to show an offender kneeling at the bar to receive the censure of the House from the Speaker, who presides in his chair. The clerks write in their draft journals at a table in front of the Speaker. However, the print in question probably does not refer to any specific incident. This copy was kept by Sir Simonds d'Ewes (d. 1650), an antiquary and Member of Parliament during the English Civil Wars

The House of Commons. This is the earliest representation of the House of Commons sitting in the former St. Stephen's Chapel in the Palace of Westminster. Originally published as a print in 1624, it is unlikely to be accurate in all its details, but it gives a reasonable impression of the tall, narrow and cramped chamber in which the House met, and in which the debates leading to the Petition of Right took place. It seems to show an offender kneeling at the bar to receive the censure of the House from the Speaker, who presides in his chair. The clerks write in their draft journals at a table in front of the Speaker. However, the print in question probably does not refer to any specific incident. This copy was kept by Sir Simonds d'Ewes (d. 1650), an antiquary and Member of Parliament during the English Civil Wars

BL3296266

Great Palace, Aanjar, Bekaa Valley, Lebanon Umayyad era archaeological site (photo)

Great Palace, Aanjar, Bekaa Valley, Lebanon Umayyad era archaeological site (photo)

Paul Doyle

DOY3962465

The European Convention on Human Rights is a pan-European treaty, drafted by a committee of the Council of Europe in which the British Conservative politician and lawyer, David Maxwell Fyfe (d. 1967), played an instrumental role. Ratified in 1950 and in force since 1953, the Convention provides the first collective commitment of states to comply with the obligations outlined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Certain of its statements, though distilled through time, relate to key clauses in Magna Carta. For example, Articles 5 and 6(1) of the Convention, which address individual freedoms and legal rights, reassert principles found in clauses 39-40 of the 1215 Magna Carta. The Convention states that, 'Everyone has the right to liberty and security of person. No one shall be deprived of his liberty save "¦ in accordance with a procedure prescribed by law'. The Convention established the European Court of Human Rights which enforces its terms.

The European Convention on Human Rights is a pan-European treaty, drafted by a committee of the Council of Europe in which the British Conservative politician and lawyer, David Maxwell Fyfe (d. 1967), played an instrumental role. Ratified in 1950 and in force since 1953, the Convention provides the first collective commitment of states to comply with the obligations outlined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Certain of its statements, though distilled through time, relate to key clauses in Magna Carta. For example, Articles 5 and 6(1) of the Convention, which address individual freedoms and legal rights, reassert principles found in clauses 39-40 of the 1215 Magna Carta. The Convention states that, 'Everyone has the right to liberty and security of person. No one shall be deprived of his liberty save "¦ in accordance with a procedure prescribed by law'. The Convention established the European Court of Human Rights which enforces its terms.

BL3261246

Tetrapylon and Decumanus Maximus, Aanjar, Bekaa Valley, Lebanon Umayyad archaeological site (photo)

Tetrapylon and Decumanus Maximus, Aanjar, Bekaa Valley, Lebanon Umayyad archaeological site (photo)

Paul Doyle

DOY3962476

Déclaration des droits de la femme et de la citoyenne' (Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Citizen)

Déclaration des droits de la femme et de la citoyenne' (Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Citizen)

BL3303952

'The Life and Death of King John'

'The Life and Death of King John'

English School, (17th century)

BL3300159

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