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Images of '15297' found, 190

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On the left, Ravana in a puspaka chariot and the titans heading further up river to fight Arjuna. On the right Arjuna is in the river with his wives, who beg him not to fight Ravana. Arjuna fights Ravana's general, Prahasta, who is overcome

On the left, Ravana in a puspaka chariot and the titans heading further up river to fight Arjuna. On the right Arjuna is in the river with his wives, who beg him not to fight Ravana. Arjuna fights Ravana's general, Prahasta, who is overcome

BL3283194

The result of the general assault has been inconclusive and the battle has continued long into the night. Aṅgada thought he had killed Indrajit, but the demon had just made himself invisible in his sky-chariot, and now has pierced Rāma and Lakṣmaṇa with his magic weapons. Rāma and Lakṣmaṇa lie on the battlefield, ensnared in these serpentine coils, while the monkeys give way to despair. VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a consoles them as he knows that Rāma will not die from these weapons. Indrajit returns in triumph to his father Rāvaṇa, who rises from his seat to congratulate him. Rāvaṇa then makes Trijaá¹Ä, one of the female demons, take Sītā in his flying chariot over the battlefield to see her husband and his brother apparently lying slain.

The result of the general assault has been inconclusive and the battle has continued long into the night. Aṅgada thought he had killed Indrajit, but the demon had just made himself invisible in his sky-chariot, and now has pierced Rāma and Lakṣmaṇa with his magic weapons. Rāma and Lakṣmaṇa lie on the battlefield, ensnared in these serpentine coils, while the monkeys give way to despair. VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a consoles them as he knows that Rāma will not die from these weapons. Indrajit returns in triumph to his father Rāvaṇa, who rises from his seat to congratulate him. Rāvaṇa then makes Trijaá¹Ä, one of the female demons, take Sītā in his flying chariot over the battlefield to see her husband and his brother apparently lying slain.

BL3283083

The Siege of Lanka (opaque w/c & gold on paper)

The Siege of Lanka (opaque w/c & gold on paper)

BL3283076

Indra battles Ravana. Ravana is depicted on the Pushpaka chariot while Indra, the king of the gods, is on his mount Airavata, the white elephant

Indra battles Ravana. Ravana is depicted on the Pushpaka chariot while Indra, the king of the gods, is on his mount Airavata, the white elephant

BL3283218

Rama tours his kingdom. Rama is seen summoning the Pushpaka chariot on the left and disembarking the chariot on the right. Rama discovers a shudra practising penance and kills him by cutting off his head. The gods approve and shower him with flowers

Rama tours his kingdom. Rama is seen summoning the Pushpaka chariot on the left and disembarking the chariot on the right. Rama discovers a shudra practising penance and kills him by cutting off his head. The gods approve and shower him with flowers

BL3283236

Add. 15297 (1) f.141v Battling the ten-headed Demon King Ravana, 'Ramayana', 1652 (ink & colour on paper)

Add. 15297 (1) f.141v Battling the ten-headed Demon King Ravana, 'Ramayana', 1652 (ink & colour on paper)

Sāhibdin (fl.1628-55)

BL3620067

Rama enters heaven, from 'Ramayana, Uttara Kanda', 1653 (w/c on paper)

Rama enters heaven, from 'Ramayana, Uttara Kanda', 1653 (w/c on paper)

Indian School, (17th century)

BL748059

Bharata and Åšatrughna, with companions, arrive at NandigRāma bearing gifts and welcome the descending Puá¹£paka. They enter the chariot and pay their respects to Rāma and Sītā and then the whole car, with them in it, takes off again.

Bharata and Åšatrughna, with companions, arrive at NandigRāma bearing gifts and welcome the descending Puá¹£paka. They enter the chariot and pay their respects to Rāma and Sītā and then the whole car, with them in it, takes off again.

BL3283155

The Gods, having lauded Rama for restoring harmony to his kingdom, request him to visit the sage Agastya's hermitage with them. Rama proceeds through a forest where birds and beasts abound

The Gods, having lauded Rama for restoring harmony to his kingdom, request him to visit the sage Agastya's hermitage with them. Rama proceeds through a forest where birds and beasts abound

BL3283237

Ravana visits the moon. Ravana ascends higher and higher, travelling past the source of the Ganges where elephants frolic in sacred waters, depicted in the left corner. Two garudas and two birds are shown flying on the left indicating the aerial realms that Ravana traverses. The moon is symbolically shown on the right and the steel gray background depicts the icy weather on the moon. Brahma intervenes and begs Ravana to turn back

Ravana visits the moon. Ravana ascends higher and higher, travelling past the source of the Ganges where elephants frolic in sacred waters, depicted in the left corner. Two garudas and two birds are shown flying on the left indicating the aerial realms that Ravana traverses. The moon is symbolically shown on the right and the steel gray background depicts the icy weather on the moon. Brahma intervenes and begs Ravana to turn back

BL3283202

Rāvaṇa's body is burnt with the prescribed wooden vessels on the pyre set alight by VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a. Lakṣmaṇa, seen at the bottom on the left, offers piá¹‡á¸a cakes to Rāma (this is not in the text). At the top on the left, Rāma divests himself of his divine armour and sends MÄtali and his chariot back to Indra. He tells Lakṣmaṇa to consecrate VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a king of Laṅkā. Lakṣmaṇa leads VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a and Hanumān into the city and is seen on the right anointing VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a, who is seated on a throne, while Hanumān assists with a dish of sweets.

Rāvaṇa's body is burnt with the prescribed wooden vessels on the pyre set alight by VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a. Lakṣmaṇa, seen at the bottom on the left, offers piá¹‡á¸a cakes to Rāma (this is not in the text). At the top on the left, Rāma divests himself of his divine armour and sends MÄtali and his chariot back to Indra. He tells Lakṣmaṇa to consecrate VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a king of Laṅkā. Lakṣmaṇa leads VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a and Hanumān into the city and is seen on the right anointing VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a, who is seated on a throne, while Hanumān assists with a dish of sweets.

BL3283150

A Brahmin's son dies and the Brahmin is shown approaching Rama's court to inquire as to the cause of his son's death. Rama is blamed and is seen asking advice from the sages. Lakshmana is seen first with joined hands before Rama, then communicating Rama's message to the Brahmin at the door. On the right, the Brahmin's son's body is placed in an urn containing oil and ungents necessary for preservation

A Brahmin's son dies and the Brahmin is shown approaching Rama's court to inquire as to the cause of his son's death. Rama is blamed and is seen asking advice from the sages. Lakshmana is seen first with joined hands before Rama, then communicating Rama's message to the Brahmin at the door. On the right, the Brahmin's son's body is placed in an urn containing oil and ungents necessary for preservation

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Hanuman's childhood. The top left shows Hanuman leaping towards the sun having perceived it as a fruit. Hanuman's father, Vayu, follows him on a deer, fearful his son will be burnt by the sun's rays. Rahu, shown as a disembodied head, is pleading with Indra to stop Hanuman on the right. Indra is depicted following Hanuman, striking him with a thunderbolt. Hanuman is then shown falling off the mountain in the centre of the folio

Hanuman's childhood. The top left shows Hanuman leaping towards the sun having perceived it as a fruit. Hanuman's father, Vayu, follows him on a deer, fearful his son will be burnt by the sun's rays. Rahu, shown as a disembodied head, is pleading with Indra to stop Hanuman on the right. Indra is depicted following Hanuman, striking him with a thunderbolt. Hanuman is then shown falling off the mountain in the centre of the folio

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Lakshmana returns to Rama. On the left, Rama tells Lakshmana the story of King Nriga and the two brahmins, painted on the right and bottom of the folio

Lakshmana returns to Rama. On the left, Rama tells Lakshmana the story of King Nriga and the two brahmins, painted on the right and bottom of the folio

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Bali and Ravana are shown four times in this folio, twice performing the sandhya ceremony, then flying with Ravana attached to his girdle and finally on the left, they are seen approaching Kishkinda

Bali and Ravana are shown four times in this folio, twice performing the sandhya ceremony, then flying with Ravana attached to his girdle and finally on the left, they are seen approaching Kishkinda

BL3283198

Below, Rama and his three brothers respectfully greet seven sages who have been admitted to the palace by a doorkeeper. Above, the seven are seated in a row on a verandah before Rama. They praise Rama for having vanquished the demon Ravana and his son Ravani, and tell Rama the story of Ravana's lineage and origins

Below, Rama and his three brothers respectfully greet seven sages who have been admitted to the palace by a doorkeeper. Above, the seven are seated in a row on a verandah before Rama. They praise Rama for having vanquished the demon Ravana and his son Ravani, and tell Rama the story of Ravana's lineage and origins

BL3283165

Rama and the visiting sages are shown discoursing, seated in his palace on the right. Agastya explains to Rama the origins of the rakshasas (demons). Prajapati the creator, here shown seated on a lotus, first created the waters, depicted as a river at the bottom of the folio. Then, all creatures were generated and are shown bowing down and paying obeisance to Brahma

Rama and the visiting sages are shown discoursing, seated in his palace on the right. Agastya explains to Rama the origins of the rakshasas (demons). Prajapati the creator, here shown seated on a lotus, first created the waters, depicted as a river at the bottom of the folio. Then, all creatures were generated and are shown bowing down and paying obeisance to Brahma

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Add. 15297 (1) f.142r Battling the ten-headed Demon King Ravana, 'Ramayana', 1652 (ink & colour on paper)

Add. 15297 (1) f.142r Battling the ten-headed Demon King Ravana, 'Ramayana', 1652 (ink & colour on paper)

Sāhibdin (fl.1628-55)

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Add.15297(1), f.34 Sahibdin and workshop, Rama and Lakshmana Bound, from the 'Mewar Ramayana', 1652 (ink & colour and gold on paper)

Add.15297(1), f.34 Sahibdin and workshop, Rama and Lakshmana Bound, from the 'Mewar Ramayana', 1652 (ink & colour and gold on paper)

Indian School, (17th century)

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Add 15297(2) f.43r Ravana descends into the watery regions or rasatala, the hell situated at the bottom of the ocean. Vasuki, the god of water and the nagas are depicted with hands joined being subjugated by Ravana in his chariot that is surrounded by demons, from the 'Ramayana', 1653 (vellum)

Add 15297(2) f.43r Ravana descends into the watery regions or rasatala, the hell situated at the bottom of the ocean. Vasuki, the god of water and the nagas are depicted with hands joined being subjugated by Ravana in his chariot that is surrounded by demons, from the 'Ramayana', 1653 (vellum)

Indian School, (17th century)

BL3283204

Ravana has sent out his mightiest warriors to fight the monkey leaders in single combat, but each in turn has been destroyed. He himself took the field, fighting many of the greatest warriors in turn, until he was faced by Laksmana. Pierced in his breast by Ravana's spear, Laksmana falls unconscious to the ground. Meanwhile Hanuman rushes to Ravana's chariot and strikes him with his fist. Ravana reels from this great buffet and falls in a faint. Hanuman picks up Laksmana and carries him tenderly off the battlefield to Rama, at whose feet he lays him down.

Ravana has sent out his mightiest warriors to fight the monkey leaders in single combat, but each in turn has been destroyed. He himself took the field, fighting many of the greatest warriors in turn, until he was faced by Laksmana. Pierced in his breast by Ravana's spear, Laksmana falls unconscious to the ground. Meanwhile Hanuman rushes to Ravana's chariot and strikes him with his fist. Ravana reels from this great buffet and falls in a faint. Hanuman picks up Laksmana and carries him tenderly off the battlefield to Rama, at whose feet he lays him down.

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Ravana's magician son Indrajit again advances on the monkey army, having brewed magic potions to make himself invisible at need. From his chariot and from the sky, where he is invisible, Indrajit overwhelms all the monkey leaders as well as Rama and Laksmana with his Brahma-weapons. They lie prostrate on the ground, riddled with arrows. Vibhisana and Hanuman seek out the wise bear Jambavan (also riddled with arrows), who tells Hanuman to look for the medicinal herbs which grow on the peaks of the Himalayas. Hanuman, using his power as the son of the wind god, assumes his true enormous size before taking off to cross the whole length of India.

Ravana's magician son Indrajit again advances on the monkey army, having brewed magic potions to make himself invisible at need. From his chariot and from the sky, where he is invisible, Indrajit overwhelms all the monkey leaders as well as Rama and Laksmana with his Brahma-weapons. They lie prostrate on the ground, riddled with arrows. Vibhisana and Hanuman seek out the wise bear Jambavan (also riddled with arrows), who tells Hanuman to look for the medicinal herbs which grow on the peaks of the Himalayas. Hanuman, using his power as the son of the wind god, assumes his true enormous size before taking off to cross the whole length of India.

BL3283120

SugrÄ«va bites off Kumhakará¹‡a's nose and rips off his ears. Thrown to the ground to be crushed beneath Kumbhakará¹‡a's feet, he bounds free and back towards Rāma. Kumbhakará¹‡a returns to battle, gathering up monkeys and stuffing them into his mouth, while the allies, now including Rāma and Lakṣmaṇa, advance on him again.

SugrÄ«va bites off Kumhakará¹‡a's nose and rips off his ears. Thrown to the ground to be crushed beneath Kumbhakará¹‡a's feet, he bounds free and back towards Rāma. Kumbhakará¹‡a returns to battle, gathering up monkeys and stuffing them into his mouth, while the allies, now including Rāma and Lakṣmaṇa, advance on him again.

BL3283110

The monkeys set fire to Laṅkā, to its mansions, gateways and public buildings, destroying their fabric and contents. Laṅkā's inhabitants are roused from their dining tables or their beds and flee in terror. Elephants and horses run down to the sea, while courtesans run hither and thither. As the demons flee, they are attacked by the monkeys. Rāma and his allies look on and then stir themselves into action.

The monkeys set fire to Laṅkā, to its mansions, gateways and public buildings, destroying their fabric and contents. Laṅkā's inhabitants are roused from their dining tables or their beds and flee in terror. Elephants and horses run down to the sea, while courtesans run hither and thither. As the demons flee, they are attacked by the monkeys. Rāma and his allies look on and then stir themselves into action.

BL3283117

Rāma, Lakṣmaṇa and their allies remain in council on the left, while on the right Rāvaṇa listens as his spies tell him of their adventures. Rāvaṇa then goes to theaśoka grove with the magician Vidyujjihva carrying a false head of Rāma to deceive Sītā into thinking he is dead. She faints in horror. Women look down compassionately from terraces above. Meanwhile, monkeys are encircling the city under orders to find out its strengths and weaknesses.

Rāma, Lakṣmaṇa and their allies remain in council on the left, while on the right Rāvaṇa listens as his spies tell him of their adventures. Rāvaṇa then goes to theaśoka grove with the magician Vidyujjihva carrying a false head of Rāma to deceive Sītā into thinking he is dead. She faints in horror. Women look down compassionately from terraces above. Meanwhile, monkeys are encircling the city under orders to find out its strengths and weaknesses.

BL3283077

Hanumān alights with the mountain peak in Laṅkā, where its herbs cure Rāma and Lakṣmaṇa, as well as all the stricken monkeys and bears. Hanumān then returns to the Himalayas with the mountain peak and sets it back in position. Since the monkeys believe that all of Rāvaṇa's greatest warriors have been killed, forgetting about Indrajit, SugrÄ«va sends them off when night has fallen, with flaming torches to burn Laṅkā.

Hanumān alights with the mountain peak in Laṅkā, where its herbs cure Rāma and Lakṣmaṇa, as well as all the stricken monkeys and bears. Hanumān then returns to the Himalayas with the mountain peak and sets it back in position. Since the monkeys believe that all of Rāvaṇa's greatest warriors have been killed, forgetting about Indrajit, SugrÄ«va sends them off when night has fallen, with flaming torches to burn Laṅkā.

BL3283122

Rāma and Sītā together relax and enjoy wine and music played by nymphs and kinnaras; they are shown in theaśoka grove in the palace garden. Filled with wonderful trees, flowers and fruits, it is depicted as a charbagh garden with the palace on the right.

Rāma and Sītā together relax and enjoy wine and music played by nymphs and kinnaras; they are shown in theaśoka grove in the palace garden. Filled with wonderful trees, flowers and fruits, it is depicted as a charbagh garden with the palace on the right.

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Rāma and Lakṣmaṇa continue to pour arrows into the body of Kumbhakará¹‡a, who has monkeys and bears clinging to him and attacking him, while he stuffs one into his mouth and crushes others beneath him. Rāma's great arrow has cut off his left arm. Other demons begin to retreat.

Rāma and Lakṣmaṇa continue to pour arrows into the body of Kumbhakará¹‡a, who has monkeys and bears clinging to him and attacking him, while he stuffs one into his mouth and crushes others beneath him. Rāma's great arrow has cut off his left arm. Other demons begin to retreat.

BL3283109

In the palace of Laṅkā, Rāvaṇa and his remaining brothers, Mahodara and MahÄpÄrÅ›va, and sons DevÄntaka, NarÄntaka, TriÅ›iras and AtikÄya are bowed down by grief at the news of Kumbhakará¹‡a's death. Rāvaṇa regretfully remembers VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a's wise words. His brothers and sons now set forth to do battle (below), accompanied by armed men on horseback and on foot. Mahodara is on an elephant, the three-headed TriÅ›iras and AtikÄya are in a chariot, and NarÄntaka is on a white horse, as in the text. The vehicles of DevÄntaka and MahÄpÄrÅ›va are unspecified, but here they are in chariots. The allies are seen in council on the left.

In the palace of Laṅkā, Rāvaṇa and his remaining brothers, Mahodara and MahÄpÄrÅ›va, and sons DevÄntaka, NarÄntaka, TriÅ›iras and AtikÄya are bowed down by grief at the news of Kumbhakará¹‡a's death. Rāvaṇa regretfully remembers VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a's wise words. His brothers and sons now set forth to do battle (below), accompanied by armed men on horseback and on foot. Mahodara is on an elephant, the three-headed TriÅ›iras and AtikÄya are in a chariot, and NarÄntaka is on a white horse, as in the text. The vehicles of DevÄntaka and MahÄpÄrÅ›va are unspecified, but here they are in chariots. The allies are seen in council on the left.

BL3283113

In the palace, Rāvaṇa and his remaining brothers and sons are bowed down by grief and Rāvaṇa wonders how he can ever be victorious in this conflict, when so many demon champions have been slain. Another son, Indrajit, boasts that he will overcome Rāma and Lakṣmaṇa and sets out in his chariot, surrounded by other demons on elephants, horses and in chariots. In a separate chamber (the text actually says on the battlefield), he prepares offerings, seizing a young black goat by the neck, to the god of Fire in order to conjure up his most magical weapons and to make himself invisible.

In the palace, Rāvaṇa and his remaining brothers and sons are bowed down by grief and Rāvaṇa wonders how he can ever be victorious in this conflict, when so many demon champions have been slain. Another son, Indrajit, boasts that he will overcome Rāma and Lakṣmaṇa and sets out in his chariot, surrounded by other demons on elephants, horses and in chariots. In a separate chamber (the text actually says on the battlefield), he prepares offerings, seizing a young black goat by the neck, to the god of Fire in order to conjure up his most magical weapons and to make himself invisible.

BL3283115

Indrajit advances in his chariot having created an illusory Sītā, whom he holds by the single long tress of her hair. He then cuts off her head and her body falls to the ground. Hanumān and the other monkeys, here SugrÄ«va and Aṅgada, are totally distraught but attack him. Then Hanumān goes to tell Rāma and Lakṣmaṇa of Sītā's apparent death. They look crushed by grief.

Indrajit advances in his chariot having created an illusory Sītā, whom he holds by the single long tress of her hair. He then cuts off her head and her body falls to the ground. Hanumān and the other monkeys, here SugrÄ«va and Aṅgada, are totally distraught but attack him. Then Hanumān goes to tell Rāma and Lakṣmaṇa of Sītā's apparent death. They look crushed by grief.

BL3283125

Behind the intermediate horizon above, Indrajit is fighting with monkeys and with Rāma and Lakṣmaṇa, who are using their bows. On the right, Indrajit drives off in his chariot and, below, in a sacrifical chamber makes offerings to the fire, including a young black goat; other demons bring more offerings. On the left below, Rāma, having heard Hanumān's news of Sītā's death, has fallen to the ground and lies cradled in the arms of Lakṣmaṇa, who attempts to console him, but VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a assures him that Rāvaṇa would not allow Sītā to be hurt. Heaps of wounded monkeys lie around.

Behind the intermediate horizon above, Indrajit is fighting with monkeys and with Rāma and Lakṣmaṇa, who are using their bows. On the right, Indrajit drives off in his chariot and, below, in a sacrifical chamber makes offerings to the fire, including a young black goat; other demons bring more offerings. On the left below, Rāma, having heard Hanumān's news of Sītā's death, has fallen to the ground and lies cradled in the arms of Lakṣmaṇa, who attempts to console him, but VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a assures him that Rāvaṇa would not allow Sītā to be hurt. Heaps of wounded monkeys lie around.

BL3283129

Rāma sends out his entire army, headed by Lakṣmaṇa and VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a, to fight Indrajit at the NikumbhilÄ grove, where he is performing more magical sacrifices. Indrajit is sacrificing to the fire again with a black goat, while around him a furious battle is raging between Lakṣmaṇa and his allies and the other demons. VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a has advised Rāma to send Lakṣmaṇa to finish off Indrajit at the place where he is performing his magical arts, before he can make himself even more powerful. Inscribed above Indrajit: Iá¹ƒdrajit.

Rāma sends out his entire army, headed by Lakṣmaṇa and VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a, to fight Indrajit at the NikumbhilÄ grove, where he is performing more magical sacrifices. Indrajit is sacrificing to the fire again with a black goat, while around him a furious battle is raging between Lakṣmaṇa and his allies and the other demons. VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a has advised Rāma to send Lakṣmaṇa to finish off Indrajit at the place where he is performing his magical arts, before he can make himself even more powerful. Inscribed above Indrajit: Iá¹ƒdrajit.

BL3283133

Rāvaṇa, seated in his palace, sees Hanumān leap up to the sky to fly to the Himalayas to collect more herbs, and questions BrahmÄ about it. BrahmÄ puts obstacles in Hanumān's way, including apsarases, crocodiles, a sage, and himself. Hanumān simply knocks him over.

Rāvaṇa, seated in his palace, sees Hanumān leap up to the sky to fly to the Himalayas to collect more herbs, and questions BrahmÄ about it. BrahmÄ puts obstacles in Hanumān's way, including apsarases, crocodiles, a sage, and himself. Hanumān simply knocks him over.

BL3283136

In a series of three compartments on the right, Rāma is seen conversing with his brothers, VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a and a sage (presumably Vasiṣṭha but this is premature as they would have to have reached AyodhyÄ first), with the monkeys still in human guise below them and two grooms holding horses in the lowermost compartment. On the left, the procession sets out for AyodhyÄ with Rāma and his wife and brothers in one chariot drawn by two white horses, Åšatrughna waving the chowrie, surrounded by nobles on elephant, horseback and camelback. The four brothers have now assumed crowns.

In a series of three compartments on the right, Rāma is seen conversing with his brothers, VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a and a sage (presumably Vasiṣṭha but this is premature as they would have to have reached AyodhyÄ first), with the monkeys still in human guise below them and two grooms holding horses in the lowermost compartment. On the left, the procession sets out for AyodhyÄ with Rāma and his wife and brothers in one chariot drawn by two white horses, Åšatrughna waving the chowrie, surrounded by nobles on elephant, horseback and camelback. The four brothers have now assumed crowns.

BL3283160

Lakshmana returns to Ayodhya with the charioteer Sumantra, while Sita is accepted into Valmiki's hermitage

Lakshmana returns to Ayodhya with the charioteer Sumantra, while Sita is accepted into Valmiki's hermitage

BL3283225

Rāma and his allies continue to advance on Kumbhakará¹‡a, who has gathered up armfuls of monkeys and is crushing them against his chest before devouring them. Aṅgada and SugrÄ«va advance on the giant and destroy his chariot with their rocks, but Aṅgada is wounded. Demons behind him, one wearing an Isfahani turban, still aim arrows.

Rāma and his allies continue to advance on Kumbhakará¹‡a, who has gathered up armfuls of monkeys and is crushing them against his chest before devouring them. Aṅgada and SugrÄ«va advance on the giant and destroy his chariot with their rocks, but Aṅgada is wounded. Demons behind him, one wearing an Isfahani turban, still aim arrows.

BL3283106

In the renewed battle, Rāma and Lakṣmaṇa shoot arrows at the demons, who are being slaughtered wholesale by them and the monkeys with their rocks and trees. A few escape back to the city. The female titans left in the city bewail the deaths of their husbands and sons, and remember the words of MahÄdeva that a woman would bring about the destruction of Rāvaṇa and the titans.

In the renewed battle, Rāma and Lakṣmaṇa shoot arrows at the demons, who are being slaughtered wholesale by them and the monkeys with their rocks and trees. A few escape back to the city. The female titans left in the city bewail the deaths of their husbands and sons, and remember the words of MahÄdeva that a woman would bring about the destruction of Rāvaṇa and the titans.

BL3283135

Rāvaṇa, in his palace, is brought his bow, and sets out once more in his chariot, accompanied by his army. An encounter with a lady riding a camel is perhaps one of the ill-omens mentioned on his first setting out for battle.

Rāvaṇa, in his palace, is brought his bow, and sets out once more in his chariot, accompanied by his army. An encounter with a lady riding a camel is perhaps one of the ill-omens mentioned on his first setting out for battle.

BL3283145

The two chariots charge at one another, arrows flying. Rāvaṇa's horses have developed leonine heads, perhaps a reference to the sinister portents which again surround Rāvaṇa, while his serpent standard is drooping. VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a has his eyes fixed firmly on Rāma's face and the solar standard above him, as he urges Rāma on.

The two chariots charge at one another, arrows flying. Rāvaṇa's horses have developed leonine heads, perhaps a reference to the sinister portents which again surround Rāvaṇa, while his serpent standard is drooping. VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a has his eyes fixed firmly on Rāma's face and the solar standard above him, as he urges Rāma on.

BL3283147

Rāvaṇa sends out Vajradaṃṣṭra, a boar-headed demon, whose chariot-horses stumble and whose battle standard of a crescent moon is laid low as he leaves the city. Consternation is expressed by Vajradaṃṣṭra as blood falls from the sky in an ill-omen. He is slain by Aṅgada with a huge rock and his charioteer holds up his hands in horror. Aṅgada is congratulated by Rāma and the other leaders on the left, and messengers return to Rāvaṇa on the right.

Rāvaṇa sends out Vajradaṃṣṭra, a boar-headed demon, whose chariot-horses stumble and whose battle standard of a crescent moon is laid low as he leaves the city. Consternation is expressed by Vajradaṃṣṭra as blood falls from the sky in an ill-omen. He is slain by Aṅgada with a huge rock and his charioteer holds up his hands in horror. Aṅgada is congratulated by Rāma and the other leaders on the left, and messengers return to Rāvaṇa on the right.

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The monkeys advance against Rāvaṇa's sons and brothers, brandishing trees, and a terrific mÃªlée ensues while Rāma and his generals look on. One monkey wields a dead demon and another an elephant as weapons. Aṅgada and SugrÄ«va stand by VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a, watching NarÄntaka spear three monkeys together, and SugrÄ«va sends Aṅgada to fight him. Aṅgada then kills NarÄntaka's horse, whirling it round his head, and finally crushes NarÄntaka himself with a blow to his chest. Other monkeys fight with Mahodara and the other demon warriors.

The monkeys advance against Rāvaṇa's sons and brothers, brandishing trees, and a terrific mÃªlée ensues while Rāma and his generals look on. One monkey wields a dead demon and another an elephant as weapons. Aṅgada and SugrÄ«va stand by VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a, watching NarÄntaka spear three monkeys together, and SugrÄ«va sends Aṅgada to fight him. Aṅgada then kills NarÄntaka's horse, whirling it round his head, and finally crushes NarÄntaka himself with a blow to his chest. Other monkeys fight with Mahodara and the other demon warriors.

BL3283111

Various individual combats take place between monkeys and demons. SugrÄ«va, at the bottom, wielding a tree, first kills VirūpÄká¹£a and then Mahodara, at the top, whose head he cuts off. Aṅgada meanwhile is advancing on MahÄpÄrÅ›va and eventually kills him. The leaders are held in reserve on each side.

Various individual combats take place between monkeys and demons. SugrÄ«va, at the bottom, wielding a tree, first kills VirūpÄká¹£a and then Mahodara, at the top, whose head he cuts off. Aṅgada meanwhile is advancing on MahÄpÄrÅ›va and eventually kills him. The leaders are held in reserve on each side.

BL3283139

Abandoning the bloody scene of the battle, with its heaps of dead beside Indrajit's sacrificial chamber, Hanumān and VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a support the wounded Lakṣmaṇa as they return to Rāma. Rāma receives his brother with great joy, seats him tenderly on his lap and lovingly smells his head. His wounds are healed by the herb which Suá¹£eá¹‡a places beneath his nostrils, as all around monkeys rejoice.

Abandoning the bloody scene of the battle, with its heaps of dead beside Indrajit's sacrificial chamber, Hanumān and VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a support the wounded Lakṣmaṇa as they return to Rāma. Rāma receives his brother with great joy, seats him tenderly on his lap and lovingly smells his head. His wounds are healed by the herb which Suá¹£eá¹‡a places beneath his nostrils, as all around monkeys rejoice.

BL3283130

Rāvaṇa gives orders (above) to his remaining brothers and ministers and then sets out in his chariot with what remains of his army, with MahÄpÄrÅ›va, Mahodara and VirūpÄká¹£a also in their chariots. SugrÄ«va leads the advance of the monkeys on Rāvaṇa, wielding trees. Rāma, Lakṣmaṇa and VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a wait in reserve with Aṅgada.

Rāvaṇa gives orders (above) to his remaining brothers and ministers and then sets out in his chariot with what remains of his army, with MahÄpÄrÅ›va, Mahodara and VirūpÄká¹£a also in their chariots. SugrÄ«va leads the advance of the monkeys on Rāvaṇa, wielding trees. Rāma, Lakṣmaṇa and VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a wait in reserve with Aṅgada.

BL3283138

The royal procession enters AyodhyÄ in triumph. Rāma and Sītā are in one carriage and the three brothers in another, while VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a and the allied chiefs all ride on elephants. The procession arrives at the palace through the bazaar with its festive hangings and with bowing shopkeepers. They are met at the gates of the zenana by ladies and, inside the queens' quarters, the four brothers and Sītā bow before KausalyÄ, Kaikeyī and SumitrÄ. Even Kaikeyī is forgiven.

The royal procession enters AyodhyÄ in triumph. Rāma and Sītā are in one carriage and the three brothers in another, while VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a and the allied chiefs all ride on elephants. The procession arrives at the palace through the bazaar with its festive hangings and with bowing shopkeepers. They are met at the gates of the zenana by ladies and, inside the queens' quarters, the four brothers and Sītā bow before KausalyÄ, Kaikeyī and SumitrÄ. Even Kaikeyī is forgiven.

BL3283161

The three sons of Sukesha marry three beautiful gandharvis (celestial angels) and have children. The three families are shown in three horizontal registers, starting with the eldest son, wife and children in the top register

The three sons of Sukesha marry three beautiful gandharvis (celestial angels) and have children. The three families are shown in three horizontal registers, starting with the eldest son, wife and children in the top register

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The top register shows Kaikasi meeting Visravas who was engaged in the fire sacrifice. Visravas is annoyed at this inauspicious interruption and predicts that Kaikasi's children by him will be cruel and horrific demons, except for her youngest who will be virtuous like his father. The lower register shows them with their demon sons and demoness daughter

The top register shows Kaikasi meeting Visravas who was engaged in the fire sacrifice. Visravas is annoyed at this inauspicious interruption and predicts that Kaikasi's children by him will be cruel and horrific demons, except for her youngest who will be virtuous like his father. The lower register shows them with their demon sons and demoness daughter

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Ravana is astonished at the speed, strength and prowess of Bali and asks for his hand in friendship. They are shown seated together with the titans and monkeys, chewing paan or betelnut

Ravana is astonished at the speed, strength and prowess of Bali and asks for his hand in friendship. They are shown seated together with the titans and monkeys, chewing paan or betelnut

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Ravana is shown aiming arrows at his adversary from the puspaka chariot, and Yama is shown fighting while riding on his vehicle, the buffalo. Brahma is painted between them riding in a celestial boat. Brahma intervenes in the battle and forbids Yama from killing Ravana as he has a boon

Ravana is shown aiming arrows at his adversary from the puspaka chariot, and Yama is shown fighting while riding on his vehicle, the buffalo. Brahma is painted between them riding in a celestial boat. Brahma intervenes in the battle and forbids Yama from killing Ravana as he has a boon

BL3283201

Rama thanks his allies. He offers them gifts and grants them leave to return to their kingdoms. He thanks the monkeys, bears and Vibhishana and also gives them gifts. They all depart and return to their kingdoms

Rama thanks his allies. He offers them gifts and grants them leave to return to their kingdoms. He thanks the monkeys, bears and Vibhishana and also gives them gifts. They all depart and return to their kingdoms

BL3283224

On his way to confront the demon Lavana, Shatrughana rests at the hermitage of Valmiki

On his way to confront the demon Lavana, Shatrughana rests at the hermitage of Valmiki

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Shatrughana has been given permission to fight Lavana and is given advice on how to accomplish the mission by Rama. He takes leave of his family and departs

Shatrughana has been given permission to fight Lavana and is given advice on how to accomplish the mission by Rama. He takes leave of his family and departs

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Shatrughana visits Rama and wishes to stay on in Ayodhya with Rama. However, Rama reminds him of his duty to his subjects and grants him permission to stay only for a week

Shatrughana visits Rama and wishes to stay on in Ayodhya with Rama. However, Rama reminds him of his duty to his subjects and grants him permission to stay only for a week

BL3283234

Rama is told he is to be regent. Rama leaves his father's palace. Rama tells his mother Kaushalya who distributes presents of cows

Rama is told he is to be regent. Rama leaves his father's palace. Rama tells his mother Kaushalya who distributes presents of cows

BL3283243

The asvamedha sacrifice. Vibhishana is shown paying homage to the ascetics gathered for the great sacrifice. The monkeys serve the visitors. Bharata and Satrughna distribute clothing to the ascetics who have gathered for the sacrifice. In the top left corner, Valmiki is seen instructing Lava and Kusha on the chanting of the Ramayana

The asvamedha sacrifice. Vibhishana is shown paying homage to the ascetics gathered for the great sacrifice. The monkeys serve the visitors. Bharata and Satrughna distribute clothing to the ascetics who have gathered for the sacrifice. In the top left corner, Valmiki is seen instructing Lava and Kusha on the chanting of the Ramayana

BL3283245

As Rāma and the procession reach the banks of the river Sarayū, BrahmÄ and the gods appear to witness Rāma's ascent and light the sky with an effulgent glow. Accompanied by chants of 'Hail Viá¹£á¹‡u', Rāma enters the waters and ascends to heaven. He is accompanied by SugrÄ«va, his brothers, monkeys, bears and other humans. They willingly sacrifice their lives in order to ascend to heaven with him. The entire populace of AyodhyÄ witnesses the heavenly event, some plunging into the waters in order to attain moká¹£a (release from rebirth). They are shown ascending to the celestial realm with Rāma.

As Rāma and the procession reach the banks of the river Sarayū, BrahmÄ and the gods appear to witness Rāma's ascent and light the sky with an effulgent glow. Accompanied by chants of 'Hail Viá¹£á¹‡u', Rāma enters the waters and ascends to heaven. He is accompanied by SugrÄ«va, his brothers, monkeys, bears and other humans. They willingly sacrifice their lives in order to ascend to heaven with him. The entire populace of AyodhyÄ witnesses the heavenly event, some plunging into the waters in order to attain moká¹£a (release from rebirth). They are shown ascending to the celestial realm with Rāma.

BL3295992

Rāvaṇa assigns the defence of Laṅkā's eastern gate to his general Prahasta; the southern gate to his brothers MahÄpÄrÅ›va and Mahodara; the western gate to his son Indrajit; and the northern gate, where he himself would also go, to the spies Åšuka and SÄraá¹‡a. The centre he leaves to VirūpÄká¹£a. Having thus directed Laṅkā's key defences, he retires to his chamber. Along with his allies, Rāma has now decided to climb the nearby Mount Suvela, from which there is a splendid view of the city of Laṅkā 'as if suspended in the sky'. All of Rāvaṇa's dispositions are soon known to VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a through the birds he has sent out as spies.

Rāvaṇa assigns the defence of Laṅkā's eastern gate to his general Prahasta; the southern gate to his brothers MahÄpÄrÅ›va and Mahodara; the western gate to his son Indrajit; and the northern gate, where he himself would also go, to the spies Åšuka and SÄraá¹‡a. The centre he leaves to VirūpÄká¹£a. Having thus directed Laṅkā's key defences, he retires to his chamber. Along with his allies, Rāma has now decided to climb the nearby Mount Suvela, from which there is a splendid view of the city of Laṅkā 'as if suspended in the sky'. All of Rāvaṇa's dispositions are soon known to VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a through the birds he has sent out as spies.

BL3283073

The result of the general assault has been inconclusive and the battle has continued long into the night. Aṅgada thought he had killed Indrajit, but the demon had just made himself invisible in his sky-chariot, and now has pierced Rāma and Lakṣmaṇa with his magic weapons. Rāma and Lakṣmaṇa lie on the battlefield, ensnared in these serpentine coils, while the monkeys give way to despair. VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a consoles them as he knows that Rāma will not die from these weapons. Indrajit returns in triumph to his father Rāvaṇa, who rises from his seat to congratulate him. Rāvaṇa then makes Trijaá¹Ä, one of the female demons, take Sītā in his flying chariot over the battlefield to see her husband and his brother apparently lying slain.

The result of the general assault has been inconclusive and the battle has continued long into the night. Aṅgada thought he had killed Indrajit, but the demon had just made himself invisible in his sky-chariot, and now has pierced Rāma and Lakṣmaṇa with his magic weapons. Rāma and Lakṣmaṇa lie on the battlefield, ensnared in these serpentine coils, while the monkeys give way to despair. VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a consoles them as he knows that Rāma will not die from these weapons. Indrajit returns in triumph to his father Rāvaṇa, who rises from his seat to congratulate him. Rāvaṇa then makes Trijaá¹Ä, one of the female demons, take Sītā in his flying chariot over the battlefield to see her husband and his brother apparently lying slain.

BL3283086

Three of Rāvaṇa's chief generals (DhūmrÄká¹£a, Akampana, Vajradaṃṣṭra) having already been slain in combat in the field, Prahasta, the chief of Rāvaṇa's army, sets out in his chariot surrounded by his army ('like a herd of elephants', here interpreted literally). Ill-omens attend him. A vulture perches on his battle standard which contains the sun, then a cloud showers blood upon him and finally the pole of his standard breaks. The monkey chief Nīla first attacks him with a tree and then crushes him with a rock. Nīla is congratulated by the allies, while Rāvaṇa, seen here at the jharokhā window of his palace, and the demons are sunk in gloom.

Three of Rāvaṇa's chief generals (DhūmrÄká¹£a, Akampana, Vajradaṃṣṭra) having already been slain in combat in the field, Prahasta, the chief of Rāvaṇa's army, sets out in his chariot surrounded by his army ('like a herd of elephants', here interpreted literally). Ill-omens attend him. A vulture perches on his battle standard which contains the sun, then a cloud showers blood upon him and finally the pole of his standard breaks. The monkey chief Nīla first attacks him with a tree and then crushes him with a rock. Nīla is congratulated by the allies, while Rāvaṇa, seen here at the jharokhā window of his palace, and the demons are sunk in gloom.

BL3283090

Aṅgada is captured by the titans and brought before Rāvaṇa; he delivers Rāma's message about the demon king's inevitable defeat and his offer of single combat. Enraged, Rāvaṇa orders that he be put to death, but Aṅgada breaks free (top right) and creates havoc among the demons, before escaping over the wall and back to Rāma, where he bows before him on the left.

Aṅgada is captured by the titans and brought before Rāvaṇa; he delivers Rāma's message about the demon king's inevitable defeat and his offer of single combat. Enraged, Rāvaṇa orders that he be put to death, but Aṅgada breaks free (top right) and creates havoc among the demons, before escaping over the wall and back to Rāma, where he bows before him on the left.

BL3283074

Sītā begs Rāvaṇa to kill her so that she may join her husband in death, but Rāvaṇa is summoned to meet his general Prahasta and his ministers, leaving Sītā to be disabused of her belief that Rāma is dead by the compassionate rÄká¹£asÄ« SaramÄ. Rāvaṇa orders the beating of the drums to summon his forces, which are crowded behind the walls. His maternal grandfather MÄlyavÄn advises surrendering Sītā, and lists the terrible portents that have been seen in the city, including interbreeding of animals, but to no avail. Rāma confers with his allies - the monkeys headed by SugrÄ«va, the bears under their king JÄmbavÄn, and the friendly demons under VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a - as to the best plan of assault, while the monkeys begin to besiege the city.

Sītā begs Rāvaṇa to kill her so that she may join her husband in death, but Rāvaṇa is summoned to meet his general Prahasta and his ministers, leaving Sītā to be disabused of her belief that Rāma is dead by the compassionate rÄká¹£asÄ« SaramÄ. Rāvaṇa orders the beating of the drums to summon his forces, which are crowded behind the walls. His maternal grandfather MÄlyavÄn advises surrendering Sītā, and lists the terrible portents that have been seen in the city, including interbreeding of animals, but to no avail. Rāma confers with his allies - the monkeys headed by SugrÄ«va, the bears under their king JÄmbavÄn, and the friendly demons under VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a - as to the best plan of assault, while the monkeys begin to besiege the city.

BL3283078

Kumbhakará¹‡a comes to see his brother and when informed of Rāvaṇa's fears, chides him for ignoring all that VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a had told him. However, he boasts to Rāvaṇa that he will kill Rāma and all his allies and devour all his foes. Outside the palace, Rāma and his allies are seated discussing the situation. The size of Kumbhakará¹‡a has terrified most of the monkey army and Rāma lays plans to deal with him. The palace building on the right - perhaps the zenana - has an arched window as a jharokhā, with a cloth hanging over the parapet and circular windows with lotus petal patterns.

Kumbhakará¹‡a comes to see his brother and when informed of Rāvaṇa's fears, chides him for ignoring all that VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a had told him. However, he boasts to Rāvaṇa that he will kill Rāma and all his allies and devour all his foes. Outside the palace, Rāma and his allies are seated discussing the situation. The size of Kumbhakará¹‡a has terrified most of the monkey army and Rāma lays plans to deal with him. The palace building on the right - perhaps the zenana - has an arched window as a jharokhā, with a cloth hanging over the parapet and circular windows with lotus petal patterns.

BL3283101

Lakṣmaṇa, Hanumān and VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a head the attack on Indrajit in a furious battle. The sacrifical fire by the banyan tree is unattended, with Indrajit now armed and fighting. Aṅgada and SugrÄ«va bring news of the battle to Rāma on the left.

Lakṣmaṇa, Hanumān and VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a head the attack on Indrajit in a furious battle. The sacrifical fire by the banyan tree is unattended, with Indrajit now armed and fighting. Aṅgada and SugrÄ«va bring news of the battle to Rāma on the left.

BL3283127

Rāvaṇa and his army advance against the tree-wielding monkeys, with Aṅgada and SugrÄ«va to the fore. Rāma and Lakṣmaṇa are in reserve, while VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a points out to them the advancing Rāvaṇa.

Rāvaṇa and his army advance against the tree-wielding monkeys, with Aṅgada and SugrÄ«va to the fore. Rāma and Lakṣmaṇa are in reserve, while VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a points out to them the advancing Rāvaṇa.

BL3283132

Rāma, seated with Sītā, pulling her veil over her face, and with the monkeys all around, accepts VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a's homage but refuses to bathe or change his ascetic's dress until he has returned to AyodhyÄ and relieved Bharata from his anxiety. He tells VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a to ensure that all the leaders of the monkeys and bears are bathed and suitably attired and adorned. VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a, on the right, holds a durbar in which Lakṣmaṇa, crowned, and the monkey and bear leaders are all richly dressed. Drums and trumpets sound below in the naqqÄrkhÄnÄ, while attendants bring gifts.

Rāma, seated with Sītā, pulling her veil over her face, and with the monkeys all around, accepts VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a's homage but refuses to bathe or change his ascetic's dress until he has returned to AyodhyÄ and relieved Bharata from his anxiety. He tells VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a to ensure that all the leaders of the monkeys and bears are bathed and suitably attired and adorned. VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a, on the right, holds a durbar in which Lakṣmaṇa, crowned, and the monkey and bear leaders are all richly dressed. Drums and trumpets sound below in the naqqÄrkhÄnÄ, while attendants bring gifts.

BL3283151

Rama issues his last commands and embraces Bharata on the right of the folio. His subjects look downcast and ask to accompany him wherever he goes

Rama issues his last commands and embraces Bharata on the right of the folio. His subjects look downcast and ask to accompany him wherever he goes

BL3283253

Rāvaṇa takes centre stage before his troops, as the final battle commences. Rāma and Rāvaṇa exchange blow for blow, shooting their most fearsome weapons at each other, and although some strike home, most are countered by the other's shafts. Lakṣmaṇa and VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a shoot their most formidable arrows at him and monkeys charge at him wielding trees and rocks. Rāvaṇa falls from his chariot (this is not in the text).

Rāvaṇa takes centre stage before his troops, as the final battle commences. Rāma and Rāvaṇa exchange blow for blow, shooting their most fearsome weapons at each other, and although some strike home, most are countered by the other's shafts. Lakṣmaṇa and VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a shoot their most formidable arrows at him and monkeys charge at him wielding trees and rocks. Rāvaṇa falls from his chariot (this is not in the text).

BL3283141

Rāma and Rāvaṇa renew their assaults on each other. The gods have decided that the contest is unequal, since Rāvaṇa is in his chariot while Rāma is on foot, so MÄtali, charioteer of the god Indra, at his master's command brings to Rāma Indra's chariot, with Indra's arms and armour in it (arms only according to the text). As a divine happening, MÄtali's meeting with Rāma is depicted over the horizon. MÄtali drives Rāma (now clad in Indra's golden armour) and Lakṣmaṇa into battle, the chariot's pennant being the solar standard of Mewar. Rāvaṇa in his chariot with its serpent standard advances to meet him. The two exchange furious onslaughts on each other as well as threats, but Rāma's attack, combined with the assaults of the monkeys, prove too much for Rāvaṇa, and his charioteer removes him from the battlefield for a respite, much to his master's fury.

Rāma and Rāvaṇa renew their assaults on each other. The gods have decided that the contest is unequal, since Rāvaṇa is in his chariot while Rāma is on foot, so MÄtali, charioteer of the god Indra, at his master's command brings to Rāma Indra's chariot, with Indra's arms and armour in it (arms only according to the text). As a divine happening, MÄtali's meeting with Rāma is depicted over the horizon. MÄtali drives Rāma (now clad in Indra's golden armour) and Lakṣmaṇa into battle, the chariot's pennant being the solar standard of Mewar. Rāvaṇa in his chariot with its serpent standard advances to meet him. The two exchange furious onslaughts on each other as well as threats, but Rāma's attack, combined with the assaults of the monkeys, prove too much for Rāvaṇa, and his charioteer removes him from the battlefield for a respite, much to his master's fury.

BL3283144

Sukesha obtains sovereignty of the rakshasas on account of rigid penance and ascetic practices. He is shown first as an ascetic in the foreground of the painting. Sukesha and Devavati are then shown seated in a pavilion on the left with their sons Malyavan, Sumali and Mali directly outside

Sukesha obtains sovereignty of the rakshasas on account of rigid penance and ascetic practices. He is shown first as an ascetic in the foreground of the painting. Sukesha and Devavati are then shown seated in a pavilion on the left with their sons Malyavan, Sumali and Mali directly outside

BL3283172

Sukesha is forsaken by his mother, and the infant is shown weeping in the left foreground. Siva and Parvati riding on Nandi the bull hear Sukesha weeping and moved by compassion for the infant, grant him a boon of immortality making him instantly equal to his mother in age. Sukesha is then shown in the foreground with his wife Devavati, having attained manhood

Sukesha is forsaken by his mother, and the infant is shown weeping in the left foreground. Siva and Parvati riding on Nandi the bull hear Sukesha weeping and moved by compassion for the infant, grant him a boon of immortality making him instantly equal to his mother in age. Sukesha is then shown in the foreground with his wife Devavati, having attained manhood

BL3283175

On the left, Sumali, Ravana's maternal grandfather rises from the netherworld and begs Ravana to occupy Lanka, from where the demons had been driven out by Vishnu. On the right, Prahasta, a demon sent by Ravana, is shown crossing the ocean to Lanka to ask Vaisravana if the demons could be reinstated there

On the left, Sumali, Ravana's maternal grandfather rises from the netherworld and begs Ravana to occupy Lanka, from where the demons had been driven out by Vishnu. On the right, Prahasta, a demon sent by Ravana, is shown crossing the ocean to Lanka to ask Vaisravana if the demons could be reinstated there

BL3283181

Ravana is shown riding the Pushpaka chariot on the right. He is shown again in the centre holding Mount Kailasa and shaking it in order to teach the god Siva a lesson

Ravana is shown riding the Pushpaka chariot on the right. He is shown again in the centre holding Mount Kailasa and shaking it in order to teach the god Siva a lesson

BL3283189

Ravana tries to fight the mahapurusha, who is actually the great sage Kapila. Kapila is shown vanquishing Ravana, who falls

Ravana tries to fight the mahapurusha, who is actually the great sage Kapila. Kapila is shown vanquishing Ravana, who falls

BL3283207

Ravana allies himself to Madhu. Ravana gathers his army and departs to confront Madhu, shown in the foreground. Ravana approaches Madhu's palace. His sister, Kumbhinasi begs Ravana not to kill Madhu. He agrees and allies himself with Madhu against the gods. Kumbhinasi and Madhu are shown here prostrating themselves at Ravana's feet

Ravana allies himself to Madhu. Ravana gathers his army and departs to confront Madhu, shown in the foreground. Ravana approaches Madhu's palace. His sister, Kumbhinasi begs Ravana not to kill Madhu. He agrees and allies himself with Madhu against the gods. Kumbhinasi and Madhu are shown here prostrating themselves at Ravana's feet

BL3283212

Ravana and his demon army proceed to Indraloka en route to Devaloka to fight the gods. Indra is shown on his elephant in the background perhaps on his way to Devaloka to rally the gods and ask Vishnu for his help in fighting Ravana

Ravana and his demon army proceed to Indraloka en route to Devaloka to fight the gods. Indra is shown on his elephant in the background perhaps on his way to Devaloka to rally the gods and ask Vishnu for his help in fighting Ravana

BL3283214

The top left register shows Brahma, Siva and Vishnu following Indra while watching events below where Ravana is surrounded by his demon army. The lower section shows Ravani, Ravana's son, in armour on a horse leading Indra away with his hands bound. The top right shows the gods led by Brahma, approaching Ravana and Ravani to ask for Indra's release

The top left register shows Brahma, Siva and Vishnu following Indra while watching events below where Ravana is surrounded by his demon army. The lower section shows Ravani, Ravana's son, in armour on a horse leading Indra away with his hands bound. The top right shows the gods led by Brahma, approaching Ravana and Ravani to ask for Indra's release

BL3283220

Rama summons his brothers. Rama's courtiers are shown returning to the palace to inform Rama of the rumours concerning Sita. Rama is shown speaking to his brothers, asking them to take Sita and leave her in the hermitage of Valmiki

Rama summons his brothers. Rama's courtiers are shown returning to the palace to inform Rama of the rumours concerning Sita. Rama is shown speaking to his brothers, asking them to take Sita and leave her in the hermitage of Valmiki

BL3283227

The abandonment of Sita. Sita and Lakshmana are shown crossing the river Ganges. Lakshmana, with hands crossed, begs Sita's forgiveness for leaving her behind when she faints

The abandonment of Sita. Sita and Lakshmana are shown crossing the river Ganges. Lakshmana, with hands crossed, begs Sita's forgiveness for leaving her behind when she faints

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Shatrughana departs Ayodhya to return to his kingdom. He is shown leaving the city accompanied by his attendants

Shatrughana departs Ayodhya to return to his kingdom. He is shown leaving the city accompanied by his attendants

BL3283233

After many thousands of years of Rāma's righteous but lonely rule over the world, Death, in the form of an ascetic, visits Rāma and informs him of BrahmÄ's message: as Rāma has completed his mission and lived eleven thousand years as a mortal on earth, he can now proceed to the world of the gods in his role as Viá¹£á¹‡u, the Preserver. The ascetic wishes to speak privately with Rāma, and bids Rāma kill anyone who should interrupt their conversation or overhear their discourse. Rāma agrees and requests Lakṣmaṇa to stand guard while conversing with the ascetic. The ascetic is shown twice, on the left with Lakṣmaṇa, who ushers him into Rāma's presence (top right), and conversing privately with Rāma on the lower right.

After many thousands of years of Rāma's righteous but lonely rule over the world, Death, in the form of an ascetic, visits Rāma and informs him of BrahmÄ's message: as Rāma has completed his mission and lived eleven thousand years as a mortal on earth, he can now proceed to the world of the gods in his role as Viá¹£á¹‡u, the Preserver. The ascetic wishes to speak privately with Rāma, and bids Rāma kill anyone who should interrupt their conversation or overhear their discourse. Rāma agrees and requests Lakṣmaṇa to stand guard while conversing with the ascetic. The ascetic is shown twice, on the left with Lakṣmaṇa, who ushers him into Rāma's presence (top right), and conversing privately with Rāma on the lower right.

BL3283250

Rama recognises Lava and Kusha as his own sons and decides to have Sita vindicated by oath in front of all. The top left shows Valmiki being approached by Rama's messengers; Sita is shown inside the hut. The lower section depicts Sita being brought to Rama in front of the assembly in order to take her oath and prove her innocence

Rama recognises Lava and Kusha as his own sons and decides to have Sita vindicated by oath in front of all. The top left shows Valmiki being approached by Rama's messengers; Sita is shown inside the hut. The lower section depicts Sita being brought to Rama in front of the assembly in order to take her oath and prove her innocence

BL3283251

Two demon brothers 'sprang up'. Praheti practiced asceticism and is shown in ascetic garb seated next to a hut in the right background of the picture. Heti is shown in the right foreground seeking a wife, and then with his wife, Bhaya, sister of Kala, who begot a son named Vidyutkesha. He is shown seated in a palace to the left of the painting with his wife who holds her infant son in her lap

Two demon brothers 'sprang up'. Praheti practiced asceticism and is shown in ascetic garb seated next to a hut in the right background of the picture. Heti is shown in the right foreground seeking a wife, and then with his wife, Bhaya, sister of Kala, who begot a son named Vidyutkesha. He is shown seated in a palace to the left of the painting with his wife who holds her infant son in her lap

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Sukesha's sons practice penance. The three sons of Sukesha are shown on the left with an ascetic. Garbed as ascetics they are then shown below paying obeisance to Brahma and gaining favourable boons from him. Brahma is seated on a lotus having descended from his vehicle of geese. The three sons are then shown on the right accompanied by titans crossing from the mainland to Lanka

Sukesha's sons practice penance. The three sons of Sukesha are shown on the left with an ascetic. Garbed as ascetics they are then shown below paying obeisance to Brahma and gaining favourable boons from him. Brahma is seated on a lotus having descended from his vehicle of geese. The three sons are then shown on the right accompanied by titans crossing from the mainland to Lanka

BL3283176

On the right, Vaisravana is shown visiting his father. On the left, Dasagriva and Kumbhakarna perform the severest of penance. Brahma descends from the heavens and prevents him from completing his penance. Brahma grants Dasagriva a boon that he may never be killed by the Gods and that he may be able to take any form he desires

On the right, Vaisravana is shown visiting his father. On the left, Dasagriva and Kumbhakarna perform the severest of penance. Brahma descends from the heavens and prevents him from completing his penance. Brahma grants Dasagriva a boon that he may never be killed by the Gods and that he may be able to take any form he desires

BL3283183

A messenger sent by Vaisravana can be seen riding an elephant and approaching Ravana's palace. Ravana is shown receiving the messenger in an upper chamber of his palace where he is told that the Gods are planning his destruction. Ravana is infuriated and swears to conquer the three worlds

A messenger sent by Vaisravana can be seen riding an elephant and approaching Ravana's palace. Ravana is shown receiving the messenger in an upper chamber of his palace where he is told that the Gods are planning his destruction. Ravana is infuriated and swears to conquer the three worlds

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Ravana goes to the Narmada river. On the left, the titans are shown carrying the sacred linga and placing it before Ravana with the flowers necessary for worship. Ravana is shown placing the linga on the flowers and cleansing himself in the Narmada. On the right, King Arjuna is bathing in the river with his wives

Ravana goes to the Narmada river. On the left, the titans are shown carrying the sacred linga and placing it before Ravana with the flowers necessary for worship. Ravana is shown placing the linga on the flowers and cleansing himself in the Narmada. On the right, King Arjuna is bathing in the river with his wives

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The mahapurusha has been depicted as Vishnu lying on his couch, the serpent, with Lakshmi at his feet. Ravana is shown falling down and then departing. He abducts hundreds of women in his puspaka chariot before he departs, depicted in the background

The mahapurusha has been depicted as Vishnu lying on his couch, the serpent, with Lakshmi at his feet. Ravana is shown falling down and then departing. He abducts hundreds of women in his puspaka chariot before he departs, depicted in the background

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Ravana returns to Lanka and is cursed by the women whom he abducted. Ravana is informed by his brother Vibhishana that his sister Kumbharini has been taken away by Madhu

Ravana returns to Lanka and is cursed by the women whom he abducted. Ravana is informed by his brother Vibhishana that his sister Kumbharini has been taken away by Madhu

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Sita visits the hermitages. Lakshmana takes Sita in the chariot to visit the hermitages as she had requested. They rest in a hermitage on the banks of the river Gaumati

Sita visits the hermitages. Lakshmana takes Sita in the chariot to visit the hermitages as she had requested. They rest in a hermitage on the banks of the river Gaumati

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