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Images of 'Paleozoic' found, 129

Earth at the end of Permian - Ring arcs over the Permian Earth - A ring of rocks and dust is orbiting the Earth. The massive continent below is Pangee and the ocean to the west is Panthalassa. This is what Earth was supposed to look like at the end of Permian, about 260 million years ago, before the first dinosaurs appeared. This ring around the Earth was of earthly origin, constitutes debris thrown into orbit by collision with a meteorite or comet. Over time, these debris have either fallen or fallen back to Earth in a meteorite rain. A dusty ring arc orbits four thousand miles above Earth's equator. The massive continent below is Pangea and the ocean to the west is Panthalassa. This is how the Earth may have appeared during the end of the Permian period, a time just prior to the appearance of the dinosaurs, when continental drift was pulling Pangea apart into the seven continents we know today. 260 million years ago the Earth may have been host to ring arcs similar to the incomplete rings that currently circumscribe the planet Neptune. Unlike Neptune's rings, the ring arcs around the Earth were of terrestrial origin, debris thrown into orbit by a collision with a large meteorite or comet. The debris consisted of tiny pebbles that were once molten droplets of ejecta, long since cooled in the vacuum of space. The orbit of the ring arc would eventually decay, returning the debris back to Earth as a shower of meteorites. This debris is found on Earth's surface today in the form of dark, glassy objects known as tektites
Arthropleura - An arthropleura crawls among ferns in a carboniferous forest 310 million years ago. The Arthropleura is considered to be the largest arthropod of all times measuring 2-3 metres in length. He is a distant relative of arthropods such as a thousand-legged. A four foot long Arthropleura crawls amidst seed ferns from the genus Neuropteris in a Carboniferous forest 310 million years ago in what is today Scotland. Growing up to 8 feet long and 18 inches wide, Arthropleura was the largest known terrestrial arthropod of all time. A combination of a higher percentage of atmospheric oxygen and relatively few terrestrial predators may have enabled Arthropleura to evolve to such an enormous size. Despite its fierce appearance, Arthropleura is currently believed to have been a vegetarian. In the shadows on the upper right are “” roachoids,””” primitive ancestors of modern cockroaches
The First Trees on Earth - Artist View - First Trees - Artist view - 385 million years ago, in the upper Devonian, the first trees began to appear on Earth. In this illustration, the archaeopteris, considered the first tree, is present at different stages of its evolution, with on the left a young specimen of 6 metres, in the centre a tree twice as large, on the right, an even older specimen. At the extreme right, a strain of an old Archaeopteris collapse. 385 million years ago, near the end of the Devonian period, the first trees began to populate the Earth. Considered the first modern trees, the Archaeopteris were a part of the Earth's primitive forests for the next 25 million years. Unlike the trees we know today, Archaeopteris was in fact a primitive fern that reproduced by means of spores instead of seeds. While terrestrial plants had been around for 130 million years prior to Archaeopteris, this was the first plant to solve the biomechanical challenges of supporting and nurturing ever larger sizes, enabling these Archaeopteris to grow to heights of 70 feet and more, over twice the height of the Calamites. In this image, four stages of the life of the Archaeopteris are illustrated. On the far left nearest our vantage point is a young, 20 - foot Archaeopteris, and in the center at twice that height is a medium - aged Archaeopteris, and on the right is a fully mature specimen. Furthest right is the collapsed and decaying trunk of a mature tree, a contribution the biomassy that will eventually become the oil, coal and natural gas we exploit today
A ring of rocks and dust is orbiting the Earth. The massive continent below is Pangee and the ocean to the west is Panthalassa. This is what Earth was supposed to look like at the end of Permian, about 260 million years ago, before the first dinosaurs appeared. This ring around the Earth was of earthly origin, constitutes debris thrown into orbit by collision with a meteorite or comet. Over time, these debris have fallen or fallen to Earth in a meteorite rain - A dusty ring arc orbits four thousand miles above Earth's equator. The massive continent below is Pangea and the ocean to the west is Panthalassa. This is how the Earth may have appeared during the end of the Permian period, a time just prior to the appearance of the dinosaurs, when continental drift was pulling Pangea apart into the seven continents we know today - 260 million years ago the Earth may have been host to ring arcs similar to the incomplete rings that currently circumscribe the planet Neptune . Unlike Neptune's rings, the ring arcs around the Earth were of terrestrial origin, debris thrown into orbit by a collision with a large meteorite or comet. The debris consisted of tiny pebbles that were once molten droplets of ejecta, long since cooled in the vacuum of space. The orbit of the ring arc would eventually decay, returning the debris back to Earth as a shower of meteorites. This debris is found on Earth's surface today in the form of dark, glassy objects known as tektites.: La Terre à la fin du Permien - Ring arcs over the Permian Earth
Ichthyostega - Devonian tetrapods - View of atist depicting two Ichthyostega, tetrapods, 385 million years ago, to the upper Devonian. Half-fish, half-terrestrial animal, the Ichthyostega was about 1 metre long. Between them are represented in the water several trilobites and in the background a Bothriolepis. The vegetation consists mainly of ferns and archaeopteris, considered the first trees. A pair of four - limbed, Upper Devonian vertebrate animals of the genus Ichthyostega confront one another 365 million years ago at the edge of a freshwater pond. Basically half fish, half land animal, these tetrapods are each about three feet long. Between them in the water are several marine arthropods known as trilobites. Further beyond in the water is a 12 inch long Bothriolepis. Most of the plant life is varieties of fern, including the tall trees known as Archaeopteris
Landscape of the Devonian - Calamites & Asteroxylon - Landscape of the early Devonian, about 390 million years ago, with calamites and asteroxylon (in the foreground). This is how a forest of Calamites and Asteroxylon may have appeared just about anywhere on the Earth 390 million years ago. The Calamites are the slender “” Christmas tree””” shaped plants. They grew as tall as many of today's conifers, though they are the ancient ancestors of the much smaller modern horsetails. The snake - like curlicue plants in the foreground are the now - extinct Asteroxylon, which emerged at the beginning of the Devonian period about 417 million years ago
Dimetrodon among Alethopteris - Dimetrodon among Alethopteris - Artist's view of a dimetrodon among seed ferns (Alethopteris). Dimetrodon is a mammalian reptile (Therapside), carnivore living in Permian. Dimetrodon was the apex predator of its time and likely had few enemies save for other Dimetrodon. They came as large as 11 feet long, 4 feet tall, and weighing as much as 300 pounds. Their reptilian hide, a relative novelty for that period, ensured their survival out of water. The large sail may have helped them to regulate body temperature, a survival advantage during the extremes of hot and cold during the Early Permian. Given that Dimetrodon is more closely related to mammals than dinosaurs, it could be that our own body's ability to regulate temperature had its origin in this ancient beast. Alethopteris was a seed fern that populated much of the world during the Carboniferous and Early Permian periods. Long extinct, fossilized leaves from the Alethopteris are commonly found today
Dunkleosteus and Cladoselache - Dunkleosteus and Cladoselache - A Dunkleosteus approaches a Cladoselache, the ancestor of sharks. Dunkleosteus, formerly called Dinichthys, is a large fossil placoderm. He lived in the Upper Devonian, between 415 and 360 million years. The largest representatives of the genus were approximately 8-10 m long and weighed around 5 tonnes. These fish were probably the greatest marine predators of their time. In a Devonian lagoon, the giant placoderm fish, Dunkleosteus, drifts towards the early shark, Cladoselache
Carboniferous forest canopy - Artist's view of a forest 350 million years ago in North America. Lepidodendron aculeatum, Sigillaria scutellata and Cycadales are represented. This is how a Carboniferous forest of Midwestern North America 350 million years ago may have appeared from ground level looking up towards the sky. This image features vascular, arborescent (tree - like) plants of the species Lepidodendron aculeatum (resembling feather dusters on long sticks), spore - bearing, arborescent plants of the species Sigillaria scutellata (resembling toilet bowl brushes), and pinnate - leafed seed plants of the order Cycadales. Some Lepidodendron grew as tall as 150 feet
Orthoceratites & trilobites - Artist's view of an Orthoceras catching a trilobite (Asaphus kowalewskii) in an Ordovician sea 480 million years ago. Orthoceras (Greek straight horn) is a genus of mollusk cephalopod fossil. They returned in large numbers during the Paleozoic and were the main predators. Squid - like Orthoceratites (genus Orthoceras) attempt to make meals of trilobites of the species Asaphus kowalewskii at the bottom of an Ordovician sea 480 million years ago. Also featured is a sea star (AKA starfish), an echinoderm of the class Asteroidea; palm - like Crinoids (AKA sea lilies); Rugosa (AKA Tetracoralla); Favistina stellata coral; and Vauxia sponges.
Carboniferous fire - Carboniferous firestorm - Fire in a forest of ferns, sigillaria (sigillaria), calamites, cordaites and asterophyllites. In the foreground giant invertebrae try to take refuge in water. Fire rages through a prehistoric forest of towering Sigillaria and Cordaites, Asterophyllites, Calamites, and ferns. In the foreground a potpourri of giant Carboniferous invertebrates flee the conflagration, heading for the only real estate not subject to burning: water. On the left is a giant, 3 foot centipede; in the center is a giant Arthropleura, the largest known arthropod ever to walk the earth; on the right is a two - foot - long scorpion, and in between are dozens of prehistoric “” roachoids,””” some taking briefly to the searing air. On the far left submerged in the relative comfort of the water is a Dendrerpeton awaiting the prospect of an easy meal. 300 million years ago the Earth's atmosphere may have held considerably more oxygen than today; the air may have been as much as 35% oxygen (the air we breathe now is 21% oxygen). Such high oxygen levels may help to explain why so many terrestrial invertebrates - - insects, arachnids and some crustaceans - - grew to such enormous sizes. These invertebrates “” breathe”” by adsorbing oxygen directly through their skin. Another consequence of such an oxygen - rich environment would be an increased propensity for organic matter to combust. Forest fires sparked by lightning or volcanic activity must have burned with a special ferocity
Illustration representing Meganeura
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Illustration of Ichthyostega
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Close-up of an arthropleura on a stone
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Illustration of Dunkleosteus catching fish
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Archegosaurus - Archegosaurus in a swamp in Europe 285 million years ago. Archegosaurus was a large, 3m long amphibian living in Permian. Ten-foot-long temnospondyl amphibians of the genus Archegosaurus lounge in an Early Permian swamp 285 million years ago in what is today Western Europe. Also in this image are several varieties of fern including tree-like seed ferns of the genus Alethopteris. Archegosaurus was a large, crocodile-like carnivore that likely fed upon fish and perhaps other amphibians
Edaphosaurus amidst cordaites - An Edaphosaur among cordaites (Cordaites angulostriatus) 300 million years ago in Europe. Edaphosaurus was a large herbivore (more than 3m long) living in Permian. A ten-foot-long, 600 pound synapsid of the genus Edaphosaurus boreages in a brackish mangrove-like swamp of gymnosperms of the genus Cordaites 300 million years ago in what is today Western Europe. Like its better-known synapsid cousin Dimetrodon, Edaphosaurus had a large sail on its back supported by elongated neural spines, however unlike Dimetrodon, these spines include numerous short cross bars; while the sail may have served the purpose of both helping to regulate body temperature and as sexual display, the purpose of the cross bars is unknown. Jaw and teeth structure suggests that Edaphosaurus probably dined on both plants and small invertebrates, such as mollusks. Tree-like Cordaites, now extinct, grew on wet ground similar to the Everglades in Florida, numerous fossils of which are now found associated with coal deposits. Also in this image are several examples of extinct seed fern of the genus Neuropteris as well as smaller examples of generic fern that may have been present during the period. Other fauna include two examples of the large dragonfly-like Meganeura, a centipede, and in the foreground a juvenile prehistoric shark of the genus Xenacanthus, its distinctive spine projecting from the back of its head and out of the water
Lycaenops - Lycaenops is a genus of Gorgonopsian, that is, a therapside (mammalian reptile) that lived 270 million years ago, during the second part of Permian. Its name comes from the Greek and means “wolf face”. It was about 1 metre long. A three-foot-long, 35 pound carnivorous therapsid (mammal-like reptile) of the genus Lycaenops wanders a mountainous Mid-Permian landscape 270 million years ago in what is today South Africa. Vegetation includes various ferns forming ground cover and a large cycad. While reptilian in origin, Lycaenops more resembled a modern wolf with a long and slender skull, wolf-like fangs, and long legs held close to its body which probably enabled it to out-run the small reptiles and dicynodonts it dined on
Moschops - Artist's view of two Moschops 250 million years ago in South Africa. These disappeared animals were not dinosaurs but herbivorous mammalian reptiles (Therapsides) living in Permian. Two giant Moschops face off on a sandstone mesa 250 million years ago in what is today the Karoo region of South Africa. Moschops was not a dinosaur, rather it was a mammal-like reptile that, like Dimetrodon, was more closely related to mammals than to true reptiles such as lizards. Moschops was a heavy-built, 4-legged herbivore that grew up to 16 feet long
First plants on Earth - Artist view - First plants - Artist view - Artist view - Artist view of the first plants (Cooksonia caledonica) that appeared on Earth in Silurian more than 400 million years ago. Species of Cooksonia caledonica, the only witness to a spectacular Late Silurian sunset, establish a tenuous foothold on a mound of ancient lava. 600 million years ago the Earth's oceans were teaming with life, however it wasn't until 200 million years later that the first plants emerged from the waters and made the Earth's surface their home. They were simple plants, standing only a few inches tall, consisting of slender stalks with branches and rounded structures called sporangia. The sporangia, common to funguses and non - seed plants, produced and contained the spores required for reproduction
Devonian Canopee - Artist's View - Devonian Canopy - Artist's View of an Archaeopteris Forest about 380 million years ago. The fossil record reveals that great forests of Archaeopteris covered much of the Earth 380 million years ago. The large umbrella - like fronds appear to have been optimized for gathering sunlight at the canopy level while still permitting enough light to reach the shorter and younger trees. It was great forests like these that helped to draw much of the carbon dioxide out of the primeval air while releasing the oxygen we breathe today
Doliosauriscus - Doliosauriscus was a fossil carnivorous reptile of the order of Therapsides and the suborder of Dinocephales. He lived in the middle of Permian about 265 million years ago. In the picture, in the background, a dimetrodon. 12-foot-long dinocephalian therapsids of the genus Doliosauriscus face off in a dry mid-permian landscape 265 million years ago in what is today Russia. On the horizon is a synapsid of the genus Dimetrodon. Vegetation includes various ferns and cycads. Similar to its better-known relative Titanophoneus, Doliosauriscus was a carnivore, one of the largest predators of its time with large dagger-like canines in front and sharp incisors and flat molars in back for grinding up flesh
Cotylorhynchus - Cotylorhynchus was a large mammalian reptile (Synapside, Pelycosaur) living herbivorous from early Permian to mid-Permian (299 to 265 million years). They were the largest terrestrial animals of their time, measuring 6 metres long and weighing two tons. Giant, 20-foot-long and one-ton synapsids of the genus Cotylorhynchus forage in an Early Permian swamp 275 million years ago in what is today North America. Also in this image on the lower left is a 3-foot long lepospondyl amphibian of the genus Diplocaulus. Vegetation includes ferns and horsetails in the foreground and on the horizon is a forest of ginkgos. Cotylorhynchus is the largest known non-mammalian synapsid and was the largest land animal of its time. An herbivore, Cotylorhynchus had a massive barrel-shaped body and limbs with a relatively small head, making it perhaps one of the most unattractive land animals to have ever walked the Earth. Standing about 6 feet tall at the shoulder Cotylorhynchus probably had no predators; even the fierce Dimetrodon (also a synapsid) weighed little more than 300 pounds compared to Cotylorhynchus' 2,000
Dimetrodon Grandis - Dimetrodon grandis portrait - Artist's view of a dimetrodon about 280 million years ago. Dimetrodon is a carnivorous mammalian reptile (Therapside) living in Permian. An eleven foot long Dimetrodon grandis traverses an Earth that became cooler and dryer during the Early Permian period. 280 million years ago - long before the reign of dinosaurs - Dimetrodon emerged as the dominant land predator, a position they held for the next 20 million years. Contrary to their reptilian stance and dinosaurlike appearance, Dimetrodon are in fact more closely related to mammals, and hence to humans, than to dinosaurs or reptiles
Carboniferous landscape - Calamites & Drepanophycus - Carboniferous landscape with calamites of different sizes and a variety of Drepanophycus, a smaller plant that appeared 20 million years ago, and coexisted with calamites for 35 million years. Calamites of varying size (10 to 50 feet tall) populate lowlands near the brackish waters of an inland sea. Closer to the ground at about 6 feet tall is a variety of Drepanophycus, ancient plants that preceded the Calamites by about 20 million years and coexisted with them for another 35 million years
Kannemeyeria grazing - An artist's view of Kannemeyeria 240 million years ago, in South Africa. These missing animals 3 metres long were not dinosaurs but dicynodonts, herbivorous mammalian reptiles (Therapsides) living in Permian. Large dicynodonts of the genus Kannemeyeria graze on ferns 240 million years ago in what is today South Africa. The trees on the right are Glossopteridales while those on the left are Ginkgos. About the size of a modern ox with tusks and a beak for grazing on tough vegetation, Kannemeyeria was one of the first large herbivores of the Triassic era. They won't dinosaurs, rather they are classified as mammal-like reptiles
Carboniferous Forest - Artist's view of a forest in North America 350 million years ago. The species presented here are Lepidodendron aculeatum (which resemble feathers on long sticks), Sigillaria scutellata, Asteroxylon mackiei (at this scale can be confused with grass), and ferns. A Carboniferous forest of Midwestern North America 350 million years ago featuring Lepidodendron aculeatum (resembling feather dusters on long sticks), Sigillaria scutellata (resembling toilet bowl brushes), Asteroxylon mackiei (at this scale may be mistaken for grass), and ferns. Some Lepidodendron grew as tall as 150 feet. 360 million years ago the Earth entered a period known as the Carboniferous, a 60 million year span remarkable for worldwide high temperatures, high humidity, and the emergence of thousands of new terrestrial plant and animal species. Dense forests of arboreal lycopods covered much of the vast continent of Pangaea. This enormous biomasset eventually became the source for the great bituminous coal fields of North America, Europe and Asia
Dunkleosteus and Cladoselache - Dunkleosteus & Cladoselache - A Dunkleosteus approaches a Cladoselache, the ancestor of sharks. Dunkleosteus, formerly called Dinichthys, is a large fossil placoderm. He lived in the Upper Devonian, between 415 and 360 million years. The largest representatives of the genus were approximately 8-10 m long and weighed around 5 tonnes. These fish were probably the greatest marine predators of their time. A 30-foot-long, four-ton hypercarnivorous apex predator of the species Dunkleosteus terrellix is about to make a meal of a six-foot-long primitive shark of the genus Cladoselache 370 million years ago in the Rheic Ocean near what is today North America. Dunkleosteus terrellix was one of the largest arthrodire placoderms ever to have lived. Almost as long as a school bus, It was heavily armored and therefore likely a relatively slow, but powerful swimmer. There are four Cladoselache/primitive sharks in this image. The schooling fish are generic representatives of the class Actinopterygii, a sub-class of the bony fishes which emerged about 420 million years ago, while the sea jellies are generic representatives of the subphylum Medusozoa
Carbonifere Drill - Conifers and Cordaitales - Artist's view of a drill 300 million years ago populated with coniferes in different states of maturation (foreground), and cordaitales accompanied by adult coniferes in the background. Late Carboniferous conifers make an appearance 300 million years ago in what is today southeastern Illinois. Fossil evidence suggests that these early conifers resembled today's Norfolk Island Pine. In this image the foreground trees illustrate three different stages of conifer growth, while in the (foggy) background are mature conifers along with towering Cordaitales. The middle foreground conifer is about 30 feet tall. The undergrowth beneath the trees represents different varieties of fern
Estemmenosuchus - Estemmenosuchus mirabilis waterside - Artist's view of three Estemmenosuchus mirabilis by a lake, 225 million years ago. These disappeared animals were not dinosaurs but herbivorous mammalian reptiles (Therapsides) living in Permian. Resembling modern day hippopotami, three Estemmenosuchus mirabilis face off in a Paleozoic lake 255 million years ago in what is today the Perm region of Russia near the Ural Mountains. About the size of a modern adult bull, Estemmenosuchus mirabilis was a plant-eating early ancestor of today's mammals
Drepanaspis - Drepanaspis gemuendenensis is an extirpated species of jaw-free fish. He lived in the inferior Devonian. An 8-inch-long primitive jawless fish of the species Drepanaspis gemuendenensis settles on the bottom of a shallow Devonian sea 380 million years ago. With a flat, paddle-shaped head and upwards-facing jawless mouth, Drepanaspis was one of the more unique sea creatures of its time. Based upon its overall shape it is believed to have been a bottom feeder, though it's not known what it would have eaten
Earth 443 million years ago - Artist View - Silurian Earth - This is how the Earth may have appeared 443 million years ago during the Silurian period. The northern most continent is what would become today's Siberia and to the west of that is the Panthalassic Ocean. South of the equator to the east is the early - Palaeozoic continent of Baltica later to form part of Eurasia, while to the east is the continent of Laurentia later to become the core of North America. Further south is the Rheic Ocean and to the west the Iapetus Ocean
Jonkeria - Artist view of Jonkeria dinocephals 262 million years ago, in South Africa. These missing animals were not dinosaurs but mammalian reptiles (Therapsides) living in Permian. 12-foot-long 500 pound dinocephalian therapsids of the genus Jonkeria pause in a shallow stream in a dry mid-Permian landscape 262 million years ago in what is today South Africa. Vegetation includes various ferns. Jonkeria was large mammal-like reptile with a stout piglike build. Paleontologists haven't been able to determine whether Jonkeria was an herbivore, carnivore, or possibly like modern pigs an omnivore
Pirania - Artist's View - Middle Cambrian Pirania - Pirania is a genus of primitive sponge that inhabited the ocean floor about 505 million years ago in the Cambrian. A species of Pirania, a primitive sponge that populated the ocean floors about 505 million years ago. The stems were hollow with bunches of long spicules attached to them. Based upon a sketch reconstruction by J.K. Rigby from the book, The Burgess Shale by Harry B. Whittington. Published in 1985 by Yale University Press
Carboniferous fauna and flora - Calamites & Meganeura - Meganeura, giant dragonflies whose wingspan could exceed 80 cm, fly among calamites and asterophyllites. Giant Meganeura, resembling and related to present - day dragonflies, flutter between Calamites and Asterophyllites in a Carboniferous scene from over 300 million years ago. Now extinct, Calamites and Asterophyllites are related to today's horsetails, though they grew much larger. The Calamites resembled modern “” Christmas tree”” conifers, while the Asterophyllites looked somewhat like modern Thuja (arborvitae)