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Earth at the end of Permian - Ring arcs over the Permian Earth - A ring of rocks and dust is orbiting the Earth. The massive continent below is Pangee and the ocean to the west is Panthalassa. This is what Earth was supposed to look like at the end of Permian, about 260 million years ago, before the first dinosaurs appeared. This ring around the Earth was of earthly origin, constitutes debris thrown into orbit by collision with a meteorite or comet. Over time, these debris have either fallen or fallen back to Earth in a meteorite rain. A dusty ring arc orbits four thousand miles above Earth's equator. The massive continent below is Pangea and the ocean to the west is Panthalassa. This is how the Earth may have appeared during the end of the Permian period, a time just prior to the appearance of the dinosaurs, when continental drift was pulling Pangea apart into the seven continents we know today. 260 million years ago the Earth may have been host to ring arcs similar to the incomplete rings that currently circumscribe the planet Neptune. Unlike Neptune's rings, the ring arcs around the Earth were of terrestrial origin, debris thrown into orbit by a collision with a large meteorite or comet. The debris consisted of tiny pebbles that were once molten droplets of ejecta, long since cooled in the vacuum of space. The orbit of the ring arc would eventually decay, returning the debris back to Earth as a shower of meteorites. This debris is found on Earth's surface today in the form of dark, glassy objects known as tektites — Earth at the end of Permian - Ring arcs over the Permian Earth - A ring of rocks and dust is orbiting the Earth. The massive continent below is Pangee and the ocean to the west is Panthalassa. This is what Earth was supposed to look like at the end of Permian, about 260 million years ago, before the first dinosaurs appeared. This ring around the Earth was of earthly origin, constitutes debris thrown into orbit by collision with a meteorite or comet. Over time, these debris have either fallen or fallen back to Earth in a meteorite rain. A dusty ring arc orbits four thousand miles above Earth's equator. The massive continent below is Pangea and the ocean to the west is Panthalassa. This is how the Earth may have appeared during the end of the Permian period, a time just prior to the appearance of the dinosaurs, when continental drift was pulling Pangea apart into the seven continents we know today. 260 million years ago the Earth may have been host to ring arcs similar to the incomplete

Earth at the end of Permian - Ring arcs over the Permian Earth - A ring of rocks and dust is orbiting the Earth. The massive continent below is Pangee and the ocean to the west is Panthalassa. This is what Earth was supposed to look like at the end of Permian, about 260 million years ago, before the first dinosaurs appeared. This ring around the Earth was of earthly origin, constitutes debris thrown into orbit by collision with a meteorite or comet. Over time, these debris have either fallen or fallen back to Earth in a meteorite rain. A dusty ring arc orbits four thousand miles above Earth's equator. The massive continent below is Pangea and the ocean to the west is Panthalassa. This is how the Earth may have appeared during the end of the Permian period, a time just prior to the appearance of the dinosaurs, when continental drift was pulling Pangea apart into the seven continents we know today. 260 million years ago the Earth may have been host to ring arcs similar to the incomplete

Walter B Myers

PIX4633164

Coelacanthe - Coelacanth portrait - A coelacanth swim in the ancient Tethys Ocean, 390 million years ago. A prehistoric, 130 pound Coelacanth swims the Paleo Tethys Sea 390 million years ago during the Middle Devonian period. Related to lungfishes and tetrapods, Coelacanths were thought to have gone extinct 65 million years ago until a living specimen was found off the east coast of South Africa in 1938

Coelacanthe - Coelacanth portrait - A coelacanth swim in the ancient Tethys Ocean, 390 million years ago. A prehistoric, 130 pound Coelacanth swims the Paleo Tethys Sea 390 million years ago during the Middle Devonian period. Related to lungfishes and tetrapods, Coelacanths were thought to have gone extinct 65 million years ago until a living specimen was found off the east coast of South Africa in 1938

Walter B Myers

PIX4661610

The First Trees on Earth - Artist View - First Trees - Artist view - 385 million years ago, in the upper Devonian, the first trees began to appear on Earth. In this illustration, the archaeopteris, considered the first tree, is present at different stages of its evolution, with on the left a young specimen of 6 metres, in the centre a tree twice as large, on the right, an even older specimen. At the extreme right, a strain of an old Archaeopteris collapse. 385 million years ago, near the end of the Devonian period, the first trees began to populate the Earth. Considered the first modern trees, the Archaeopteris were a part of the Earth's primitive forests for the next 25 million years. Unlike the trees we know today, Archaeopteris was in fact a primitive fern that reproduced by means of spores instead of seeds. While terrestrial plants had been around for 130 million years prior to Archaeopteris, this was the first plant to solve the biomechanical challenges of supporting and nurturing ever larger sizes, enabling these Archaeopteris to grow to heights of 70 feet and more, over twice the height of the Calamites. In this image, four stages of the life of the Archaeopteris are illustrated. On the far left nearest our vantage point is a young, 20 - foot Archaeopteris, and in the center at twice that height is a medium - aged Archaeopteris, and on the right is a fully mature specimen. Furthest right is the collapsed and decaying trunk of a mature tree, a contribution the biomassy that will eventually become the oil, coal and natural gas we exploit today — The First Trees on Earth - Artist View - First Trees - Artist view - 385 million years ago, in the upper Devonian, the first trees began to appear on Earth. In this illustration, the archaeopteris, considered the first tree, is present at different stages of its evolution, with on the left a young specimen of 6 metres, in the centre a tree twice as large, on the right, an even older specimen. At the extreme right, a strain of an old Archaeopteris collapse. 385 million years ago, near the end of the Devonian period, the first trees began to populate the Earth. Considered the first modern trees, the Archaeopteris were a part of the Earth's primitive forests for the next 25 million years. Unlike the trees we know today, Archaeopteris was in fact a primitive fern that reproduced by means of spores instead of seeds. While terrestrial plants had been around for 130 million years prior to Archaeopteris, this was the first plant to solve the biomechanical challenges of supporting and nurturing

The First Trees on Earth - Artist View - First Trees - Artist view - 385 million years ago, in the upper Devonian, the first trees began to appear on Earth. In this illustration, the archaeopteris, considered the first tree, is present at different stages of its evolution, with on the left a young specimen of 6 metres, in the centre a tree twice as large, on the right, an even older specimen. At the extreme right, a strain of an old Archaeopteris collapse. 385 million years ago, near the end of the Devonian period, the first trees began to populate the Earth. Considered the first modern trees, the Archaeopteris were a part of the Earth's primitive forests for the next 25 million years. Unlike the trees we know today, Archaeopteris was in fact a primitive fern that reproduced by means of spores instead of seeds. While terrestrial plants had been around for 130 million years prior to Archaeopteris, this was the first plant to solve the biomechanical challenges of supporting and nurturing

Walter B Myers

PIX4632789

Arthropleura - An arthropleura crawls among ferns in a carboniferous forest 310 million years ago. The Arthropleura is considered to be the largest arthropod of all times measuring 2-3 metres in length. He is a distant relative of arthropods such as a thousand-legged. A four foot long Arthropleura crawls amidst seed ferns from the genus Neuropteris in a Carboniferous forest 310 million years ago in what is today Scotland. Growing up to 8 feet long and 18 inches wide, Arthropleura was the largest known terrestrial arthropod of all time. A combination of a higher percentage of atmospheric oxygen and relatively few terrestrial predators may have enabled Arthropleura to evolve to such an enormous size. Despite its fierce appearance, Arthropleura is currently believed to have been a vegetarian. In the shadows on the upper right are “” roachoids,””” primitive ancestors of modern cockroaches

Arthropleura - An arthropleura crawls among ferns in a carboniferous forest 310 million years ago. The Arthropleura is considered to be the largest arthropod of all times measuring 2-3 metres in length. He is a distant relative of arthropods such as a thousand-legged. A four foot long Arthropleura crawls amidst seed ferns from the genus Neuropteris in a Carboniferous forest 310 million years ago in what is today Scotland. Growing up to 8 feet long and 18 inches wide, Arthropleura was the largest known terrestrial arthropod of all time. A combination of a higher percentage of atmospheric oxygen and relatively few terrestrial predators may have enabled Arthropleura to evolve to such an enormous size. Despite its fierce appearance, Arthropleura is currently believed to have been a vegetarian. In the shadows on the upper right are “” roachoids,””” primitive ancestors of modern cockroaches

Walter B Myers

PIX4632855

A ring of rocks and dust is orbiting the Earth. The massive continent below is Pangee and the ocean to the west is Panthalassa. This is what Earth was supposed to look like at the end of Permian, about 260 million years ago, before the first dinosaurs appeared. This ring around the Earth was of earthly origin, constitutes debris thrown into orbit by collision with a meteorite or comet. Over time, these debris have fallen or fallen to Earth in a meteorite rain - A dusty ring arc orbits four thousand miles above Earth's equator. The massive continent below is Pangea and the ocean to the west is Panthalassa. This is how the Earth may have appeared during the end of the Permian period, a time just prior to the appearance of the dinosaurs, when continental drift was pulling Pangea apart into the seven continents we know today - 260 million years ago the Earth may have been host to ring arcs similar to the incomplete rings that currently circumscribe the planet Neptune . Unlike Neptune's rings, the ring arcs around the Earth were of terrestrial origin, debris thrown into orbit by a collision with a large meteorite or comet. The debris consisted of tiny pebbles that were once molten droplets of ejecta, long since cooled in the vacuum of space. The orbit of the ring arc would eventually decay, returning the debris back to Earth as a shower of meteorites. This debris is found on Earth's surface today in the form of dark, glassy objects known as tektites.: La Terre à la fin du Permien - Ring arcs over the Permian Earth — A ring of rocks and dust is orbiting the Earth. The massive continent below is Pangee and the ocean to the west is Panthalassa. This is what Earth was supposed to look like at the end of Permian, about 260 million years ago, before the first dinosaurs appeared. This ring around the Earth was of earthly origin, constitutes debris thrown into orbit by collision with a meteorite or comet. Over time, these debris have fallen or fallen to Earth in a meteorite rain - A dusty ring arc orbits four thousand miles above Earth's equator. The massive continent below is Pangea and the ocean to the west is Panthalassa. This is how the Earth may have appeared during the end of the Permian period, a time just prior to the appearance of the dinosaurs, when continental drift was pulling Pangea apart into the seven continents we know today - 260 million years ago the Earth may have been host to ring arcs similar to the incomplete rings that currently circumscribe the planet Neptune . Unlike Neptune's rin

A ring of rocks and dust is orbiting the Earth. The massive continent below is Pangee and the ocean to the west is Panthalassa. This is what Earth was supposed to look like at the end of Permian, about 260 million years ago, before the first dinosaurs appeared. This ring around the Earth was of earthly origin, constitutes debris thrown into orbit by collision with a meteorite or comet. Over time, these debris have fallen or fallen to Earth in a meteorite rain - A dusty ring arc orbits four thousand miles above Earth's equator. The massive continent below is Pangea and the ocean to the west is Panthalassa. This is how the Earth may have appeared during the end of the Permian period, a time just prior to the appearance of the dinosaurs, when continental drift was pulling Pangea apart into the seven continents we know today - 260 million years ago the Earth may have been host to ring arcs similar to the incomplete rings that currently circumscribe the planet Neptune . Unlike Neptune's rin

Walter B Myers

PIX4669572

Pteraspis Backlight - View of Pteraspis artist swimming in the sea 410 million years ago. Two jawless fish of the genus Pteraspis feed near the ocean's surface 410 million years ago during the Early Devonian. Pteraspis grew to a length of about 8 inches and is believed to have dined on shoals of plankton. A hard shell and spikes may have helped protect Pteraspis from larger predators

Pteraspis Backlight - View of Pteraspis artist swimming in the sea 410 million years ago. Two jawless fish of the genus Pteraspis feed near the ocean's surface 410 million years ago during the Early Devonian. Pteraspis grew to a length of about 8 inches and is believed to have dined on shoals of plankton. A hard shell and spikes may have helped protect Pteraspis from larger predators

Walter B Myers

PIX4661625

Ichthyostega - Devonian tetrapods - View of atist depicting two Ichthyostega, tetrapods, 385 million years ago, to the upper Devonian. Half-fish, half-terrestrial animal, the Ichthyostega was about 1 metre long. Between them are represented in the water several trilobites and in the background a Bothriolepis. The vegetation consists mainly of ferns and archaeopteris, considered the first trees. A pair of four - limbed, Upper Devonian vertebrate animals of the genus Ichthyostega confront one another 365 million years ago at the edge of a freshwater pond. Basically half fish, half land animal, these tetrapods are each about three feet long. Between them in the water are several marine arthropods known as trilobites. Further beyond in the water is a 12 inch long Bothriolepis. Most of the plant life is varieties of fern, including the tall trees known as Archaeopteris

Ichthyostega - Devonian tetrapods - View of atist depicting two Ichthyostega, tetrapods, 385 million years ago, to the upper Devonian. Half-fish, half-terrestrial animal, the Ichthyostega was about 1 metre long. Between them are represented in the water several trilobites and in the background a Bothriolepis. The vegetation consists mainly of ferns and archaeopteris, considered the first trees. A pair of four - limbed, Upper Devonian vertebrate animals of the genus Ichthyostega confront one another 365 million years ago at the edge of a freshwater pond. Basically half fish, half land animal, these tetrapods are each about three feet long. Between them in the water are several marine arthropods known as trilobites. Further beyond in the water is a 12 inch long Bothriolepis. Most of the plant life is varieties of fern, including the tall trees known as Archaeopteris

Walter B Myers

PIX4632784

Landscape of the Devonian - Calamites & Asteroxylon - Landscape of the early Devonian, about 390 million years ago, with calamites and asteroxylon (in the foreground). This is how a forest of Calamites and Asteroxylon may have appeared just about anywhere on the Earth 390 million years ago. The Calamites are the slender “” Christmas tree””” shaped plants. They grew as tall as many of today's conifers, though they are the ancient ancestors of the much smaller modern horsetails. The snake - like curlicue plants in the foreground are the now - extinct Asteroxylon, which emerged at the beginning of the Devonian period about 417 million years ago

Landscape of the Devonian - Calamites & Asteroxylon - Landscape of the early Devonian, about 390 million years ago, with calamites and asteroxylon (in the foreground). This is how a forest of Calamites and Asteroxylon may have appeared just about anywhere on the Earth 390 million years ago. The Calamites are the slender “” Christmas tree””” shaped plants. They grew as tall as many of today's conifers, though they are the ancient ancestors of the much smaller modern horsetails. The snake - like curlicue plants in the foreground are the now - extinct Asteroxylon, which emerged at the beginning of the Devonian period about 417 million years ago

Walter B Myers

PIX4632884

Dimetrodon among Alethopteris - Dimetrodon among Alethopteris - Artist's view of a dimetrodon among seed ferns (Alethopteris). Dimetrodon is a mammalian reptile (Therapside), carnivore living in Permian. Dimetrodon was the apex predator of its time and likely had few enemies save for other Dimetrodon. They came as large as 11 feet long, 4 feet tall, and weighing as much as 300 pounds. Their reptilian hide, a relative novelty for that period, ensured their survival out of water. The large sail may have helped them to regulate body temperature, a survival advantage during the extremes of hot and cold during the Early Permian. Given that Dimetrodon is more closely related to mammals than dinosaurs, it could be that our own body's ability to regulate temperature had its origin in this ancient beast. Alethopteris was a seed fern that populated much of the world during the Carboniferous and Early Permian periods. Long extinct, fossilized leaves from the Alethopteris are commonly found today

Dimetrodon among Alethopteris - Dimetrodon among Alethopteris - Artist's view of a dimetrodon among seed ferns (Alethopteris). Dimetrodon is a mammalian reptile (Therapside), carnivore living in Permian. Dimetrodon was the apex predator of its time and likely had few enemies save for other Dimetrodon. They came as large as 11 feet long, 4 feet tall, and weighing as much as 300 pounds. Their reptilian hide, a relative novelty for that period, ensured their survival out of water. The large sail may have helped them to regulate body temperature, a survival advantage during the extremes of hot and cold during the Early Permian. Given that Dimetrodon is more closely related to mammals than dinosaurs, it could be that our own body's ability to regulate temperature had its origin in this ancient beast. Alethopteris was a seed fern that populated much of the world during the Carboniferous and Early Permian periods. Long extinct, fossilized leaves from the Alethopteris are commonly found today

Walter B Myers

PIX4661655

Carboniferous forest canopy - Artist's view of a forest 350 million years ago in North America. Lepidodendron aculeatum, Sigillaria scutellata and Cycadales are represented. This is how a Carboniferous forest of Midwestern North America 350 million years ago may have appeared from ground level looking up towards the sky. This image features vascular, arborescent (tree - like) plants of the species Lepidodendron aculeatum (resembling feather dusters on long sticks), spore - bearing, arborescent plants of the species Sigillaria scutellata (resembling toilet bowl brushes), and pinnate - leafed seed plants of the order Cycadales. Some Lepidodendron grew as tall as 150 feet

Carboniferous forest canopy - Artist's view of a forest 350 million years ago in North America. Lepidodendron aculeatum, Sigillaria scutellata and Cycadales are represented. This is how a Carboniferous forest of Midwestern North America 350 million years ago may have appeared from ground level looking up towards the sky. This image features vascular, arborescent (tree - like) plants of the species Lepidodendron aculeatum (resembling feather dusters on long sticks), spore - bearing, arborescent plants of the species Sigillaria scutellata (resembling toilet bowl brushes), and pinnate - leafed seed plants of the order Cycadales. Some Lepidodendron grew as tall as 150 feet

Walter B Myers

PIX4632971

Dunkleosteus and Cladoselache - Dunkleosteus and Cladoselache - A Dunkleosteus approaches a Cladoselache, the ancestor of sharks. Dunkleosteus, formerly called Dinichthys, is a large fossil placoderm. He lived in the Upper Devonian, between 415 and 360 million years. The largest representatives of the genus were approximately 8-10 m long and weighed around 5 tonnes. These fish were probably the greatest marine predators of their time. In a Devonian lagoon, the giant placoderm fish, Dunkleosteus, drifts towards the early shark, Cladoselache

Dunkleosteus and Cladoselache - Dunkleosteus and Cladoselache - A Dunkleosteus approaches a Cladoselache, the ancestor of sharks. Dunkleosteus, formerly called Dinichthys, is a large fossil placoderm. He lived in the Upper Devonian, between 415 and 360 million years. The largest representatives of the genus were approximately 8-10 m long and weighed around 5 tonnes. These fish were probably the greatest marine predators of their time. In a Devonian lagoon, the giant placoderm fish, Dunkleosteus, drifts towards the early shark, Cladoselache

Julius Csotonyi

PIX4661565

Orthoceratites & trilobites - Artist's view of an Orthoceras catching a trilobite (Asaphus kowalewskii) in an Ordovician sea 480 million years ago. Orthoceras (Greek straight horn) is a genus of mollusk cephalopod fossil. They returned in large numbers during the Paleozoic and were the main predators. Squid - like Orthoceratites (genus Orthoceras) attempt to make meals of trilobites of the species Asaphus kowalewskii at the bottom of an Ordovician sea 480 million years ago. Also featured is a sea star (AKA starfish), an echinoderm of the class Asteroidea; palm - like Crinoids (AKA sea lilies); Rugosa (AKA Tetracoralla); Favistina stellata coral; and Vauxia sponges.

Orthoceratites & trilobites - Artist's view of an Orthoceras catching a trilobite (Asaphus kowalewskii) in an Ordovician sea 480 million years ago. Orthoceras (Greek straight horn) is a genus of mollusk cephalopod fossil. They returned in large numbers during the Paleozoic and were the main predators. Squid - like Orthoceratites (genus Orthoceras) attempt to make meals of trilobites of the species Asaphus kowalewskii at the bottom of an Ordovician sea 480 million years ago. Also featured is a sea star (AKA starfish), an echinoderm of the class Asteroidea; palm - like Crinoids (AKA sea lilies); Rugosa (AKA Tetracoralla); Favistina stellata coral; and Vauxia sponges.

Walter B Myers

PIX4633258

Carboniferous fire - Carboniferous firestorm - Fire in a forest of ferns, sigillaria (sigillaria), calamites, cordaites and asterophyllites. In the foreground giant invertebrae try to take refuge in water. Fire rages through a prehistoric forest of towering Sigillaria and Cordaites, Asterophyllites, Calamites, and ferns. In the foreground a potpourri of giant Carboniferous invertebrates flee the conflagration, heading for the only real estate not subject to burning: water. On the left is a giant, 3 foot centipede; in the center is a giant Arthropleura, the largest known arthropod ever to walk the earth; on the right is a two - foot - long scorpion, and in between are dozens of prehistoric “” roachoids,””” some taking briefly to the searing air. On the far left submerged in the relative comfort of the water is a Dendrerpeton awaiting the prospect of an easy meal. 300 million years ago the Earth's atmosphere may have held considerably more oxygen than today; the air may have been as much as 35% oxygen (the air we breathe now is 21% oxygen). Such high oxygen levels may help to explain why so many terrestrial invertebrates - - insects, arachnids and some crustaceans - - grew to such enormous sizes. These invertebrates “” breathe”” by adsorbing oxygen directly through their skin. Another consequence of such an oxygen - rich environment would be an increased propensity for organic matter to combust. Forest fires sparked by lightning or volcanic activity must have burned with a special ferocity — Carboniferous fire - Carboniferous firestorm - Fire in a forest of ferns, sigillaria (sigillaria), calamites, cordaites and asterophyllites. In the foreground giant invertebrae try to take refuge in water. Fire rages through a prehistoric forest of towering Sigillaria and Cordaites, Asterophyllites, Calamites, and ferns. In the foreground a potpourri of giant Carboniferous invertebrates flee the conflagration, heading for the only real estate not subject to burning: water. On the left is a giant, 3 foot centipede; in the center is a giant Arthropleura, the largest known arthropod ever to walk the earth; on the right is a two - foot - long scorpion, and in between are dozens of prehistoric “” roachoids,””” some taking briefly to the searing air. On the far left submerged in the relative comfort of the water is a Dendrerpeton awaiting the prospect of an easy meal. 300 million years ago the Earth's atmosphere may have held considerably more oxygen than today; the air may have been as much

Carboniferous fire - Carboniferous firestorm - Fire in a forest of ferns, sigillaria (sigillaria), calamites, cordaites and asterophyllites. In the foreground giant invertebrae try to take refuge in water. Fire rages through a prehistoric forest of towering Sigillaria and Cordaites, Asterophyllites, Calamites, and ferns. In the foreground a potpourri of giant Carboniferous invertebrates flee the conflagration, heading for the only real estate not subject to burning: water. On the left is a giant, 3 foot centipede; in the center is a giant Arthropleura, the largest known arthropod ever to walk the earth; on the right is a two - foot - long scorpion, and in between are dozens of prehistoric “” roachoids,””” some taking briefly to the searing air. On the far left submerged in the relative comfort of the water is a Dendrerpeton awaiting the prospect of an easy meal. 300 million years ago the Earth's atmosphere may have held considerably more oxygen than today; the air may have been as much

Walter B Myers

PIX4632902

Illustration representing Meganeura
(photo) — Illustration representing Meganeura (photo)

Illustration representing Meganeura (photo)

DGA1136162

Illustration of Ichthyostega
(photo) — Illustration of Ichthyostega (photo)

Illustration of Ichthyostega (photo)

DGA1136376

Permian landscape

Permian landscape

NHM1451106

Close-up of an arthropleura on a stone
(photo) — Close-up of an arthropleura on a stone (photo)

Close-up of an arthropleura on a stone (photo)

DGA1135827

Illustration of Dunkleosteus catching fish
(photo) — Illustration of Dunkleosteus catching fish (photo)

Illustration of Dunkleosteus catching fish (photo)

DGA1136430

Dimetrodons - Dimetrodons - Artist's view of a dimetrodon fight about 280 million years ago. Dimetrodon is a carnivorous mammalian reptile (Therapside) living in Permian. Dimetrodon fight over territory in a scene that must have been repeated many times 280 million years ago. Their spectacular sails are backlit revealing the translucent skin supported by long neural spines, each one sprouting from an individual vertebra. These dimetrodons are each about 11 feet long

Dimetrodons - Dimetrodons - Artist's view of a dimetrodon fight about 280 million years ago. Dimetrodon is a carnivorous mammalian reptile (Therapside) living in Permian. Dimetrodon fight over territory in a scene that must have been repeated many times 280 million years ago. Their spectacular sails are backlit revealing the translucent skin supported by long neural spines, each one sprouting from an individual vertebra. These dimetrodons are each about 11 feet long

Walter B Myers

PIX4661644

Archegosaurus - Archegosaurus in a swamp in Europe 285 million years ago. Archegosaurus was a large, 3m long amphibian living in Permian. Ten-foot-long temnospondyl amphibians of the genus Archegosaurus lounge in an Early Permian swamp 285 million years ago in what is today Western Europe. Also in this image are several varieties of fern including tree-like seed ferns of the genus Alethopteris. Archegosaurus was a large, crocodile-like carnivore that likely fed upon fish and perhaps other amphibians

Archegosaurus - Archegosaurus in a swamp in Europe 285 million years ago. Archegosaurus was a large, 3m long amphibian living in Permian. Ten-foot-long temnospondyl amphibians of the genus Archegosaurus lounge in an Early Permian swamp 285 million years ago in what is today Western Europe. Also in this image are several varieties of fern including tree-like seed ferns of the genus Alethopteris. Archegosaurus was a large, crocodile-like carnivore that likely fed upon fish and perhaps other amphibians

Walter B Myers

PIX4661705

Edaphosaurus amidst cordaites - An Edaphosaur among cordaites (Cordaites angulostriatus) 300 million years ago in Europe. Edaphosaurus was a large herbivore (more than 3m long) living in Permian. A ten-foot-long, 600 pound synapsid of the genus Edaphosaurus boreages in a brackish mangrove-like swamp of gymnosperms of the genus Cordaites 300 million years ago in what is today Western Europe. Like its better-known synapsid cousin Dimetrodon, Edaphosaurus had a large sail on its back supported by elongated neural spines, however unlike Dimetrodon, these spines include numerous short cross bars; while the sail may have served the purpose of both helping to regulate body temperature and as sexual display, the purpose of the cross bars is unknown. Jaw and teeth structure suggests that Edaphosaurus probably dined on both plants and small invertebrates, such as mollusks. Tree-like Cordaites, now extinct, grew on wet ground similar to the Everglades in Florida, numerous fossils of which are now found associated with coal deposits. Also in this image are several examples of extinct seed fern of the genus Neuropteris as well as smaller examples of generic fern that may have been present during the period. Other fauna include two examples of the large dragonfly-like Meganeura, a centipede, and in the foreground a juvenile prehistoric shark of the genus Xenacanthus, its distinctive spine projecting from the back of its head and out of the water — Edaphosaurus amidst cordaites - An Edaphosaur among cordaites (Cordaites angulostriatus) 300 million years ago in Europe. Edaphosaurus was a large herbivore (more than 3m long) living in Permian. A ten-foot-long, 600 pound synapsid of the genus Edaphosaurus boreages in a brackish mangrove-like swamp of gymnosperms of the genus Cordaites 300 million years ago in what is today Western Europe. Like its better-known synapsid cousin Dimetrodon, Edaphosaurus had a large sail on its back supported by elongated neural spines, however unlike Dimetrodon, these spines include numerous short cross bars; while the sail may have served the purpose of both helping to regulate body temperature and as sexual display, the purpose of the cross bars is unknown. Jaw and teeth structure suggests that Edaphosaurus probably dined on both plants and small invertebrates, such as mollusks. Tree-like Cordaites, now extinct, grew on wet ground similar to the Everglades in Florida, numerous fossils of which are now

Edaphosaurus amidst cordaites - An Edaphosaur among cordaites (Cordaites angulostriatus) 300 million years ago in Europe. Edaphosaurus was a large herbivore (more than 3m long) living in Permian. A ten-foot-long, 600 pound synapsid of the genus Edaphosaurus boreages in a brackish mangrove-like swamp of gymnosperms of the genus Cordaites 300 million years ago in what is today Western Europe. Like its better-known synapsid cousin Dimetrodon, Edaphosaurus had a large sail on its back supported by elongated neural spines, however unlike Dimetrodon, these spines include numerous short cross bars; while the sail may have served the purpose of both helping to regulate body temperature and as sexual display, the purpose of the cross bars is unknown. Jaw and teeth structure suggests that Edaphosaurus probably dined on both plants and small invertebrates, such as mollusks. Tree-like Cordaites, now extinct, grew on wet ground similar to the Everglades in Florida, numerous fossils of which are now

Walter B Myers

PIX4661673

Carboniferous Forest - Artist's view of a forest 350 million years ago populated by Lepidendron aculeatum and Cordaites (Cordaites angulostriatus). A Carboniferous forest featuring now extinct Cordaites angulostriatus and Lepidodendron aculeatum circa 350 million years ago

Carboniferous Forest - Artist's view of a forest 350 million years ago populated by Lepidendron aculeatum and Cordaites (Cordaites angulostriatus). A Carboniferous forest featuring now extinct Cordaites angulostriatus and Lepidodendron aculeatum circa 350 million years ago

Walter B Myers

PIX4632897

Devonian Canopee - Artist's View - Devonian Canopy - Artist's View of an Archaeopteris Forest about 380 million years ago. The fossil record reveals that great forests of Archaeopteris covered much of the Earth 380 million years ago. The large umbrella - like fronds appear to have been optimized for gathering sunlight at the canopy level while still permitting enough light to reach the shorter and younger trees. It was great forests like these that helped to draw much of the carbon dioxide out of the primeval air while releasing the oxygen we breathe today

Devonian Canopee - Artist's View - Devonian Canopy - Artist's View of an Archaeopteris Forest about 380 million years ago. The fossil record reveals that great forests of Archaeopteris covered much of the Earth 380 million years ago. The large umbrella - like fronds appear to have been optimized for gathering sunlight at the canopy level while still permitting enough light to reach the shorter and younger trees. It was great forests like these that helped to draw much of the carbon dioxide out of the primeval air while releasing the oxygen we breathe today

Walter B Myers

PIX4632762

First plants on Earth - Artist view - First plants - Artist view - Artist view - Artist view of the first plants (Cooksonia caledonica) that appeared on Earth in Silurian more than 400 million years ago. Species of Cooksonia caledonica, the only witness to a spectacular Late Silurian sunset, establish a tenuous foothold on a mound of ancient lava. 600 million years ago the Earth's oceans were teaming with life, however it wasn't until 200 million years later that the first plants emerged from the waters and made the Earth's surface their home. They were simple plants, standing only a few inches tall, consisting of slender stalks with branches and rounded structures called sporangia. The sporangia, common to funguses and non - seed plants, produced and contained the spores required for reproduction

First plants on Earth - Artist view - First plants - Artist view - Artist view - Artist view of the first plants (Cooksonia caledonica) that appeared on Earth in Silurian more than 400 million years ago. Species of Cooksonia caledonica, the only witness to a spectacular Late Silurian sunset, establish a tenuous foothold on a mound of ancient lava. 600 million years ago the Earth's oceans were teaming with life, however it wasn't until 200 million years later that the first plants emerged from the waters and made the Earth's surface their home. They were simple plants, standing only a few inches tall, consisting of slender stalks with branches and rounded structures called sporangia. The sporangia, common to funguses and non - seed plants, produced and contained the spores required for reproduction

Walter B Myers

PIX4632750

Dimetrodon Grandis - Dimetrodon grandis portrait - Artist's view of a dimetrodon about 280 million years ago. Dimetrodon is a carnivorous mammalian reptile (Therapside) living in Permian. An eleven foot long Dimetrodon grandis traverses an Earth that became cooler and dryer during the Early Permian period. 280 million years ago - long before the reign of dinosaurs - Dimetrodon emerged as the dominant land predator, a position they held for the next 20 million years. Contrary to their reptilian stance and dinosaurlike appearance, Dimetrodon are in fact more closely related to mammals, and hence to humans, than to dinosaurs or reptiles

Dimetrodon Grandis - Dimetrodon grandis portrait - Artist's view of a dimetrodon about 280 million years ago. Dimetrodon is a carnivorous mammalian reptile (Therapside) living in Permian. An eleven foot long Dimetrodon grandis traverses an Earth that became cooler and dryer during the Early Permian period. 280 million years ago - long before the reign of dinosaurs - Dimetrodon emerged as the dominant land predator, a position they held for the next 20 million years. Contrary to their reptilian stance and dinosaurlike appearance, Dimetrodon are in fact more closely related to mammals, and hence to humans, than to dinosaurs or reptiles

Walter B Myers

PIX4661663

Doliosauriscus - Doliosauriscus was a fossil carnivorous reptile of the order of Therapsides and the suborder of Dinocephales. He lived in the middle of Permian about 265 million years ago. In the picture, in the background, a dimetrodon. 12-foot-long dinocephalian therapsids of the genus Doliosauriscus face off in a dry mid-permian landscape 265 million years ago in what is today Russia. On the horizon is a synapsid of the genus Dimetrodon. Vegetation includes various ferns and cycads. Similar to its better-known relative Titanophoneus, Doliosauriscus was a carnivore, one of the largest predators of its time with large dagger-like canines in front and sharp incisors and flat molars in back for grinding up flesh

Doliosauriscus - Doliosauriscus was a fossil carnivorous reptile of the order of Therapsides and the suborder of Dinocephales. He lived in the middle of Permian about 265 million years ago. In the picture, in the background, a dimetrodon. 12-foot-long dinocephalian therapsids of the genus Doliosauriscus face off in a dry mid-permian landscape 265 million years ago in what is today Russia. On the horizon is a synapsid of the genus Dimetrodon. Vegetation includes various ferns and cycads. Similar to its better-known relative Titanophoneus, Doliosauriscus was a carnivore, one of the largest predators of its time with large dagger-like canines in front and sharp incisors and flat molars in back for grinding up flesh

Walter B Myers

PIX4661731

Cotylorhynchus - Cotylorhynchus was a large mammalian reptile (Synapside, Pelycosaur) living herbivorous from early Permian to mid-Permian (299 to 265 million years). They were the largest terrestrial animals of their time, measuring 6 metres long and weighing two tons. Giant, 20-foot-long and one-ton synapsids of the genus Cotylorhynchus forage in an Early Permian swamp 275 million years ago in what is today North America. Also in this image on the lower left is a 3-foot long lepospondyl amphibian of the genus Diplocaulus. Vegetation includes ferns and horsetails in the foreground and on the horizon is a forest of ginkgos. Cotylorhynchus is the largest known non-mammalian synapsid and was the largest land animal of its time. An herbivore, Cotylorhynchus had a massive barrel-shaped body and limbs with a relatively small head, making it perhaps one of the most unattractive land animals to have ever walked the Earth. Standing about 6 feet tall at the shoulder Cotylorhynchus probably had no predators; even the fierce Dimetrodon (also a synapsid) weighed little more than 300 pounds compared to Cotylorhynchus' 2,000 — Cotylorhynchus - Cotylorhynchus was a large mammalian reptile (Synapside, Pelycosaur) living herbivorous from early Permian to mid-Permian (299 to 265 million years). They were the largest terrestrial animals of their time, measuring 6 metres long and weighing two tons. Giant, 20-foot-long and one-ton synapsids of the genus Cotylorhynchus forage in an Early Permian swamp 275 million years ago in what is today North America. Also in this image on the lower left is a 3-foot long lepospondyl amphibian of the genus Diplocaulus. Vegetation includes ferns and horsetails in the foreground and on the horizon is a forest of ginkgos. Cotylorhynchus is the largest known non-mammalian synapsid and was the largest land animal of its time. An herbivore, Cotylorhynchus had a massive barrel-shaped body and limbs with a relatively small head, making it perhaps one of the most unattractive land animals to have ever walked the Earth. Standing about 6 feet tall at the shoulder Cotylorhynchus probably had

Cotylorhynchus - Cotylorhynchus was a large mammalian reptile (Synapside, Pelycosaur) living herbivorous from early Permian to mid-Permian (299 to 265 million years). They were the largest terrestrial animals of their time, measuring 6 metres long and weighing two tons. Giant, 20-foot-long and one-ton synapsids of the genus Cotylorhynchus forage in an Early Permian swamp 275 million years ago in what is today North America. Also in this image on the lower left is a 3-foot long lepospondyl amphibian of the genus Diplocaulus. Vegetation includes ferns and horsetails in the foreground and on the horizon is a forest of ginkgos. Cotylorhynchus is the largest known non-mammalian synapsid and was the largest land animal of its time. An herbivore, Cotylorhynchus had a massive barrel-shaped body and limbs with a relatively small head, making it perhaps one of the most unattractive land animals to have ever walked the Earth. Standing about 6 feet tall at the shoulder Cotylorhynchus probably had

Walter B Myers

PIX4661707

Moschops - Artist's view of two Moschops 250 million years ago in South Africa. These disappeared animals were not dinosaurs but herbivorous mammalian reptiles (Therapsides) living in Permian. Two giant Moschops face off on a sandstone mesa 250 million years ago in what is today the Karoo region of South Africa. Moschops was not a dinosaur, rather it was a mammal-like reptile that, like Dimetrodon, was more closely related to mammals than to true reptiles such as lizards. Moschops was a heavy-built, 4-legged herbivore that grew up to 16 feet long

Moschops - Artist's view of two Moschops 250 million years ago in South Africa. These disappeared animals were not dinosaurs but herbivorous mammalian reptiles (Therapsides) living in Permian. Two giant Moschops face off on a sandstone mesa 250 million years ago in what is today the Karoo region of South Africa. Moschops was not a dinosaur, rather it was a mammal-like reptile that, like Dimetrodon, was more closely related to mammals than to true reptiles such as lizards. Moschops was a heavy-built, 4-legged herbivore that grew up to 16 feet long

Walter B Myers

PIX4661740

Carboniferous Forest - Artist's view of a forest in North America 350 million years ago. The species presented here are Lepidodendron aculeatum (which resemble feathers on long sticks), Sigillaria scutellata, Asteroxylon mackiei (at this scale can be confused with grass), and ferns. A Carboniferous forest of Midwestern North America 350 million years ago featuring Lepidodendron aculeatum (resembling feather dusters on long sticks), Sigillaria scutellata (resembling toilet bowl brushes), Asteroxylon mackiei (at this scale may be mistaken for grass), and ferns. Some Lepidodendron grew as tall as 150 feet. 360 million years ago the Earth entered a period known as the Carboniferous, a 60 million year span remarkable for worldwide high temperatures, high humidity, and the emergence of thousands of new terrestrial plant and animal species. Dense forests of arboreal lycopods covered much of the vast continent of Pangaea. This enormous biomasset eventually became the source for the great bituminous coal fields of North America, Europe and Asia — Carboniferous Forest - Artist's view of a forest in North America 350 million years ago. The species presented here are Lepidodendron aculeatum (which resemble feathers on long sticks), Sigillaria scutellata, Asteroxylon mackiei (at this scale can be confused with grass), and ferns. A Carboniferous forest of Midwestern North America 350 million years ago featuring Lepidodendron aculeatum (resembling feather dusters on long sticks), Sigillaria scutellata (resembling toilet bowl brushes), Asteroxylon mackiei (at this scale may be mistaken for grass), and ferns. Some Lepidodendron grew as tall as 150 feet. 360 million years ago the Earth entered a period known as the Carboniferous, a 60 million year span remarkable for worldwide high temperatures, high humidity, and the emergence of thousands of new terrestrial plant and animal species. Dense forests of arboreal lycopods covered much of the vast continent of Pangaea. This enormous biomasset eventually became the source for the great bitum

Carboniferous Forest - Artist's view of a forest in North America 350 million years ago. The species presented here are Lepidodendron aculeatum (which resemble feathers on long sticks), Sigillaria scutellata, Asteroxylon mackiei (at this scale can be confused with grass), and ferns. A Carboniferous forest of Midwestern North America 350 million years ago featuring Lepidodendron aculeatum (resembling feather dusters on long sticks), Sigillaria scutellata (resembling toilet bowl brushes), Asteroxylon mackiei (at this scale may be mistaken for grass), and ferns. Some Lepidodendron grew as tall as 150 feet. 360 million years ago the Earth entered a period known as the Carboniferous, a 60 million year span remarkable for worldwide high temperatures, high humidity, and the emergence of thousands of new terrestrial plant and animal species. Dense forests of arboreal lycopods covered much of the vast continent of Pangaea. This enormous biomasset eventually became the source for the great bitum

Walter B Myers

PIX4632896

Carboniferous landscape - Calamites & Drepanophycus - Carboniferous landscape with calamites of different sizes and a variety of Drepanophycus, a smaller plant that appeared 20 million years ago, and coexisted with calamites for 35 million years. Calamites of varying size (10 to 50 feet tall) populate lowlands near the brackish waters of an inland sea. Closer to the ground at about 6 feet tall is a variety of Drepanophycus, ancient plants that preceded the Calamites by about 20 million years and coexisted with them for another 35 million years

Carboniferous landscape - Calamites & Drepanophycus - Carboniferous landscape with calamites of different sizes and a variety of Drepanophycus, a smaller plant that appeared 20 million years ago, and coexisted with calamites for 35 million years. Calamites of varying size (10 to 50 feet tall) populate lowlands near the brackish waters of an inland sea. Closer to the ground at about 6 feet tall is a variety of Drepanophycus, ancient plants that preceded the Calamites by about 20 million years and coexisted with them for another 35 million years

Walter B Myers

PIX4632910

Kannemeyeria grazing - An artist's view of Kannemeyeria 240 million years ago, in South Africa. These missing animals 3 metres long were not dinosaurs but dicynodonts, herbivorous mammalian reptiles (Therapsides) living in Permian. Large dicynodonts of the genus Kannemeyeria graze on ferns 240 million years ago in what is today South Africa. The trees on the right are Glossopteridales while those on the left are Ginkgos. About the size of a modern ox with tusks and a beak for grazing on tough vegetation, Kannemeyeria was one of the first large herbivores of the Triassic era. They won't dinosaurs, rather they are classified as mammal-like reptiles

Kannemeyeria grazing - An artist's view of Kannemeyeria 240 million years ago, in South Africa. These missing animals 3 metres long were not dinosaurs but dicynodonts, herbivorous mammalian reptiles (Therapsides) living in Permian. Large dicynodonts of the genus Kannemeyeria graze on ferns 240 million years ago in what is today South Africa. The trees on the right are Glossopteridales while those on the left are Ginkgos. About the size of a modern ox with tusks and a beak for grazing on tough vegetation, Kannemeyeria was one of the first large herbivores of the Triassic era. They won't dinosaurs, rather they are classified as mammal-like reptiles

Walter B Myers

PIX4661769

Lycaenops - Lycaenops is a genus of Gorgonopsian, that is, a therapside (mammalian reptile) that lived 270 million years ago, during the second part of Permian. Its name comes from the Greek and means “wolf face”. It was about 1 metre long. A three-foot-long, 35 pound carnivorous therapsid (mammal-like reptile) of the genus Lycaenops wanders a mountainous Mid-Permian landscape 270 million years ago in what is today South Africa. Vegetation includes various ferns forming ground cover and a large cycad. While reptilian in origin, Lycaenops more resembled a modern wolf with a long and slender skull, wolf-like fangs, and long legs held close to its body which probably enabled it to out-run the small reptiles and dicynodonts it dined on

Lycaenops - Lycaenops is a genus of Gorgonopsian, that is, a therapside (mammalian reptile) that lived 270 million years ago, during the second part of Permian. Its name comes from the Greek and means “wolf face”. It was about 1 metre long. A three-foot-long, 35 pound carnivorous therapsid (mammal-like reptile) of the genus Lycaenops wanders a mountainous Mid-Permian landscape 270 million years ago in what is today South Africa. Vegetation includes various ferns forming ground cover and a large cycad. While reptilian in origin, Lycaenops more resembled a modern wolf with a long and slender skull, wolf-like fangs, and long legs held close to its body which probably enabled it to out-run the small reptiles and dicynodonts it dined on

Walter B Myers

PIX4661737

Pirania - Artist's View - Middle Cambrian Pirania - Pirania is a genus of primitive sponge that inhabited the ocean floor about 505 million years ago in the Cambrian. A species of Pirania, a primitive sponge that populated the ocean floors about 505 million years ago. The stems were hollow with bunches of long spicules attached to them. Based upon a sketch reconstruction by J.K. Rigby from the book, The Burgess Shale by Harry B. Whittington. Published in 1985 by Yale University Press

Pirania - Artist's View - Middle Cambrian Pirania - Pirania is a genus of primitive sponge that inhabited the ocean floor about 505 million years ago in the Cambrian. A species of Pirania, a primitive sponge that populated the ocean floors about 505 million years ago. The stems were hollow with bunches of long spicules attached to them. Based upon a sketch reconstruction by J.K. Rigby from the book, The Burgess Shale by Harry B. Whittington. Published in 1985 by Yale University Press

Walter B Myers

PIX4633228

Extinction of Permian - Permian extinction: Artist's view of a mammalian reptile skeleton (Therapside) after the massive extinction of Permian-Trias about 252 million years ago - Illustration showing a mammal-like reptile (therapsid) skeleton after the Permian-Triassic extinction event, 252 million years ago

Extinction of Permian - Permian extinction: Artist's view of a mammalian reptile skeleton (Therapside) after the massive extinction of Permian-Trias about 252 million years ago - Illustration showing a mammal-like reptile (therapsid) skeleton after the Permian-Triassic extinction event, 252 million years ago

Miller, Ron (b.1947)

PIX4669281

Estemmenosuchus - Artist's view of an Estemmenosuchus uralensis 225 million years ago, in Russia. These disappeared animals were not dinosaurs but herbivorous mammalian reptiles (Therapsides) living in Permian. An herbivorous dinocephalian therapsid grazes on a hilltop 255 million years ago in what is today in the European part of Russia near the Ural Mountains

Estemmenosuchus - Artist's view of an Estemmenosuchus uralensis 225 million years ago, in Russia. These disappeared animals were not dinosaurs but herbivorous mammalian reptiles (Therapsides) living in Permian. An herbivorous dinocephalian therapsid grazes on a hilltop 255 million years ago in what is today in the European part of Russia near the Ural Mountains

Walter B Myers

PIX4661767

Estemmenosuchus - Estemmenosuchus mirabilis waterside - Artist's view of three Estemmenosuchus mirabilis by a lake, 225 million years ago. These disappeared animals were not dinosaurs but herbivorous mammalian reptiles (Therapsides) living in Permian. Resembling modern day hippopotami, three Estemmenosuchus mirabilis face off in a Paleozoic lake 255 million years ago in what is today the Perm region of Russia near the Ural Mountains. About the size of a modern adult bull, Estemmenosuchus mirabilis was a plant-eating early ancestor of today's mammals

Estemmenosuchus - Estemmenosuchus mirabilis waterside - Artist's view of three Estemmenosuchus mirabilis by a lake, 225 million years ago. These disappeared animals were not dinosaurs but herbivorous mammalian reptiles (Therapsides) living in Permian. Resembling modern day hippopotami, three Estemmenosuchus mirabilis face off in a Paleozoic lake 255 million years ago in what is today the Perm region of Russia near the Ural Mountains. About the size of a modern adult bull, Estemmenosuchus mirabilis was a plant-eating early ancestor of today's mammals

Walter B Myers

PIX4661775

Carbonifere Drill - Conifers and Cordaitales - Artist's view of a drill 300 million years ago populated with coniferes in different states of maturation (foreground), and cordaitales accompanied by adult coniferes in the background. Late Carboniferous conifers make an appearance 300 million years ago in what is today southeastern Illinois. Fossil evidence suggests that these early conifers resembled today's Norfolk Island Pine. In this image the foreground trees illustrate three different stages of conifer growth, while in the (foggy) background are mature conifers along with towering Cordaitales. The middle foreground conifer is about 30 feet tall. The undergrowth beneath the trees represents different varieties of fern

Carbonifere Drill - Conifers and Cordaitales - Artist's view of a drill 300 million years ago populated with coniferes in different states of maturation (foreground), and cordaitales accompanied by adult coniferes in the background. Late Carboniferous conifers make an appearance 300 million years ago in what is today southeastern Illinois. Fossil evidence suggests that these early conifers resembled today's Norfolk Island Pine. In this image the foreground trees illustrate three different stages of conifer growth, while in the (foggy) background are mature conifers along with towering Cordaitales. The middle foreground conifer is about 30 feet tall. The undergrowth beneath the trees represents different varieties of fern

Walter B Myers

PIX4632911

Les Portes d'Enfer - Vienne - River Gartempe and Granite boulders - France - Les Portes d'Enfer (or Roc d'Enfer), Lathus - Saint - Remy, Poitou - Charente. Granite blocks on the Gartempe, where the river turns into a spectacular stream. Outcrop of the hercynian basement (- 350 million years). Hercynian granite boulders at the river Gartempe in a place nicknamed 'Les Portes d'Enfer (or Roc d'Enfer)'. Lathus - Saint - Remy, Poitou - Charente

Les Portes d'Enfer - Vienne - River Gartempe and Granite boulders - France - Les Portes d'Enfer (or Roc d'Enfer), Lathus - Saint - Remy, Poitou - Charente. Granite blocks on the Gartempe, where the river turns into a spectacular stream. Outcrop of the hercynian basement (- 350 million years). Hercynian granite boulders at the river Gartempe in a place nicknamed 'Les Portes d'Enfer (or Roc d'Enfer)'. Lathus - Saint - Remy, Poitou - Charente

Sebastien Beaucourt

PIX4669062

Drepanaspis - Drepanaspis gemuendenensis is an extirpated species of jaw-free fish. He lived in the inferior Devonian. An 8-inch-long primitive jawless fish of the species Drepanaspis gemuendenensis settles on the bottom of a shallow Devonian sea 380 million years ago. With a flat, paddle-shaped head and upwards-facing jawless mouth, Drepanaspis was one of the more unique sea creatures of its time. Based upon its overall shape it is believed to have been a bottom feeder, though it's not known what it would have eaten

Drepanaspis - Drepanaspis gemuendenensis is an extirpated species of jaw-free fish. He lived in the inferior Devonian. An 8-inch-long primitive jawless fish of the species Drepanaspis gemuendenensis settles on the bottom of a shallow Devonian sea 380 million years ago. With a flat, paddle-shaped head and upwards-facing jawless mouth, Drepanaspis was one of the more unique sea creatures of its time. Based upon its overall shape it is believed to have been a bottom feeder, though it's not known what it would have eaten

Walter B Myers

PIX4661623

Jonkeria - Artist view of Jonkeria dinocephals 262 million years ago, in South Africa. These missing animals were not dinosaurs but mammalian reptiles (Therapsides) living in Permian. 12-foot-long 500 pound dinocephalian therapsids of the genus Jonkeria pause in a shallow stream in a dry mid-Permian landscape 262 million years ago in what is today South Africa. Vegetation includes various ferns. Jonkeria was large mammal-like reptile with a stout piglike build. Paleontologists haven't been able to determine whether Jonkeria was an herbivore, carnivore, or possibly like modern pigs an omnivore

Jonkeria - Artist view of Jonkeria dinocephals 262 million years ago, in South Africa. These missing animals were not dinosaurs but mammalian reptiles (Therapsides) living in Permian. 12-foot-long 500 pound dinocephalian therapsids of the genus Jonkeria pause in a shallow stream in a dry mid-Permian landscape 262 million years ago in what is today South Africa. Vegetation includes various ferns. Jonkeria was large mammal-like reptile with a stout piglike build. Paleontologists haven't been able to determine whether Jonkeria was an herbivore, carnivore, or possibly like modern pigs an omnivore

Walter B Myers

PIX4661770

Devonian Landscape - Asteroxylon swamp - Asteroxylon is a primitive plant that developed in a warm, humid environment at the beginning of Devonian about 400 million years ago. Asteroxylon was a primitive plant that flourished during the Early Devonian period approximately 400 million years ago. It may have grown as tall as 12 feet and lived in warm, humid enviroments

Devonian Landscape - Asteroxylon swamp - Asteroxylon is a primitive plant that developed in a warm, humid environment at the beginning of Devonian about 400 million years ago. Asteroxylon was a primitive plant that flourished during the Early Devonian period approximately 400 million years ago. It may have grown as tall as 12 feet and lived in warm, humid enviroments

Walter B Myers

PIX4632900

Trilobite - Artist's view - Olenoides serratus (trilobite) - Artist's view of an Olenoides serratus evoluting in the ocean among the sponges (vauxia and wapkia) to the Cambrian (- 500 million years). An Olenoides serratus trilobite scurries across a Middle Cambrian ocean floor about 500 million years ago. Olenoides serratus grew to be about four inches long. This trilobite shares the scene with two kinds of diminutive sponge: the smaller branching sponges are from the genus Vauxia, while the larger corrugated tubular sponges are from the genus Wapkia

Trilobite - Artist's view - Olenoides serratus (trilobite) - Artist's view of an Olenoides serratus evoluting in the ocean among the sponges (vauxia and wapkia) to the Cambrian (- 500 million years). An Olenoides serratus trilobite scurries across a Middle Cambrian ocean floor about 500 million years ago. Olenoides serratus grew to be about four inches long. This trilobite shares the scene with two kinds of diminutive sponge: the smaller branching sponges are from the genus Vauxia, while the larger corrugated tubular sponges are from the genus Wapkia

Walter B Myers

PIX4633198

Meganeura et flore du carbonifere - Meganeura sunrise - Meganeura, giant dragonflies whose wingspan could exceed 80 cm, fly among the ferns at sunrise 300 million years ago. A giant Meganeura with a 30 - inch wingspan, resembling and related to present - day dragonflies, is witness to a sunrise in a Carboniferous fern forest from over 300 million years ago

Meganeura et flore du carbonifere - Meganeura sunrise - Meganeura, giant dragonflies whose wingspan could exceed 80 cm, fly among the ferns at sunrise 300 million years ago. A giant Meganeura with a 30 - inch wingspan, resembling and related to present - day dragonflies, is witness to a sunrise in a Carboniferous fern forest from over 300 million years ago

Walter B Myers

PIX4632914

History of Earth - History of Earth - Schema illustrating the derive of continents on Earth with the scale of geological times. Diagram illustrating plate tectonics with geological time scale

History of Earth - History of Earth - Schema illustrating the derive of continents on Earth with the scale of geological times. Diagram illustrating plate tectonics with geological time scale

PIX4633235

Meduses - Artist's view - A smack of jellyfish - Illustration of jellyfish swimming in the Panthalassic Ocean, about 500 million years ago in the Cambrian. A smack, or swarm, of jellyfish swim the Panthalassic Ocean 500 million years ago during the Cambrian Period. Jellyfish, AKA sea jellies, are free - swimming organisms from the phylum Cnidaria and may have been among the first mobile macro life forms to evolve on Earth. Their distinguishing feature is specialized cells that they use mainly for capturing prey. Their bodies consist of a non - living jelly - like substance, sandwiched between two layers of tissue that are mostly one cell thick. There are approximately 9,000 species of Cnidaria today

Meduses - Artist's view - A smack of jellyfish - Illustration of jellyfish swimming in the Panthalassic Ocean, about 500 million years ago in the Cambrian. A smack, or swarm, of jellyfish swim the Panthalassic Ocean 500 million years ago during the Cambrian Period. Jellyfish, AKA sea jellies, are free - swimming organisms from the phylum Cnidaria and may have been among the first mobile macro life forms to evolve on Earth. Their distinguishing feature is specialized cells that they use mainly for capturing prey. Their bodies consist of a non - living jelly - like substance, sandwiched between two layers of tissue that are mostly one cell thick. There are approximately 9,000 species of Cnidaria today

Walter B Myers

PIX4633290

Ichthyostega & Rhacophyton - An Ichthyostega emerge water 365 million years ago to the upper Devonian. Half-fish, half-terrestrial animal, the Ichthyostega was about 1 metre long. On the left, one of the first species of fern, Rhacophyton ceratangium. A Late Devonian Ichthyostega emerges from waters of a floodplain 365 million years ago in what is today the Canadian Arctic. On the left is a four - foot - tall Rhacophyton ceratangium, an ancient shrub that is thought to be one of the earliest ferns. On the horizon are more Rhacophyton, along with towering Archaeopteris and Lycopsids in various stages of growth

Ichthyostega & Rhacophyton - An Ichthyostega emerge water 365 million years ago to the upper Devonian. Half-fish, half-terrestrial animal, the Ichthyostega was about 1 metre long. On the left, one of the first species of fern, Rhacophyton ceratangium. A Late Devonian Ichthyostega emerges from waters of a floodplain 365 million years ago in what is today the Canadian Arctic. On the left is a four - foot - tall Rhacophyton ceratangium, an ancient shrub that is thought to be one of the earliest ferns. On the horizon are more Rhacophyton, along with towering Archaeopteris and Lycopsids in various stages of growth

Walter B Myers

PIX4632781

Carboniferous flora and fauna - Carboniferous riverbank - Carboniferous landscape with its ferns, giant lycopods, sigillaria (sigillaria), calamites. Among the fauna are an amphibian, a scorpion and insects that dominated the landscape, such as the Meganeura, giant dragonfly with a wingspan of more than 80 cm, or the 2-metre-long arthropleura climbing here in a tree. Ferns, seed ferns, and giant lycopods (primitive moss - like plants with long slender leaves) flourished during the Carboniferous period, from about 360 to 300 million years ago. Some lycopods, such as the arboreal Sigillaria illustrated here, grew as high as 130 feet. (100 feet is considered tall for a modern Maple tree). Other tree - like plants included many varieties of the Calamites, extinct ancestors of modern horsetails. While the first dinosaurs were not to appear for another 130 million years, the Carboniferous forests were home to a plethora of terrestrial animals, including many species of invertebrates and some of the first walking vertebrates, including amphibians resembling modern salamanders. It was the insects however, many of them giants, that dominated the landscape. There were dragonfly - like Meganeura with wingspans up to 30 inches, giant centipedes roamed the forest floor, and some scorpions were over 20 inches long — Carboniferous flora and fauna - Carboniferous riverbank - Carboniferous landscape with its ferns, giant lycopods, sigillaria (sigillaria), calamites. Among the fauna are an amphibian, a scorpion and insects that dominated the landscape, such as the Meganeura, giant dragonfly with a wingspan of more than 80 cm, or the 2-metre-long arthropleura climbing here in a tree. Ferns, seed ferns, and giant lycopods (primitive moss - like plants with long slender leaves) flourished during the Carboniferous period, from about 360 to 300 million years ago. Some lycopods, such as the arboreal Sigillaria illustrated here, grew as high as 130 feet. (100 feet is considered tall for a modern Maple tree). Other tree - like plants included many varieties of the Calamites, extinct ancestors of modern horsetails. While the first dinosaurs were not to appear for another 130 million years, the Carboniferous forests were home to a plethora of terrestrial animals, including many species of invertebrates and some

Carboniferous flora and fauna - Carboniferous riverbank - Carboniferous landscape with its ferns, giant lycopods, sigillaria (sigillaria), calamites. Among the fauna are an amphibian, a scorpion and insects that dominated the landscape, such as the Meganeura, giant dragonfly with a wingspan of more than 80 cm, or the 2-metre-long arthropleura climbing here in a tree. Ferns, seed ferns, and giant lycopods (primitive moss - like plants with long slender leaves) flourished during the Carboniferous period, from about 360 to 300 million years ago. Some lycopods, such as the arboreal Sigillaria illustrated here, grew as high as 130 feet. (100 feet is considered tall for a modern Maple tree). Other tree - like plants included many varieties of the Calamites, extinct ancestors of modern horsetails. While the first dinosaurs were not to appear for another 130 million years, the Carboniferous forests were home to a plethora of terrestrial animals, including many species of invertebrates and some

Walter B Myers

PIX4632863

Estemmenosuchus mirabilis - Artist's view of an Estemmenosuchus mirabilis 255 million years ago in Russia. These disappeared animals were not dinosaurs but herbivorous mammalian reptiles (Therapsides) living in Permian. An Estemmenosuchus mirabilis stands before a lake 255 million years ago in what is today the Perm region of Russia near the Ural Mountains. An ungainly plant-eater, it was the largest animal of its day and is known for its distinctive horns. Maybe not the most handsome of beasts, Estemmenosuchus mirabilis was an early ancestor of today's mammals. In this image it stands among several varieties of fern while cycads known as Bjuvia simplex populate the far side of the lake

Estemmenosuchus mirabilis - Artist's view of an Estemmenosuchus mirabilis 255 million years ago in Russia. These disappeared animals were not dinosaurs but herbivorous mammalian reptiles (Therapsides) living in Permian. An Estemmenosuchus mirabilis stands before a lake 255 million years ago in what is today the Perm region of Russia near the Ural Mountains. An ungainly plant-eater, it was the largest animal of its day and is known for its distinctive horns. Maybe not the most handsome of beasts, Estemmenosuchus mirabilis was an early ancestor of today's mammals. In this image it stands among several varieties of fern while cycads known as Bjuvia simplex populate the far side of the lake

Walter B Myers

PIX4661776

Carboniferous fauna and flora - Calamites & Meganeura - Meganeura, giant dragonflies whose wingspan could exceed 80 cm, fly among calamites and asterophyllites. Giant Meganeura, resembling and related to present - day dragonflies, flutter between Calamites and Asterophyllites in a Carboniferous scene from over 300 million years ago. Now extinct, Calamites and Asterophyllites are related to today's horsetails, though they grew much larger. The Calamites resembled modern “” Christmas tree”” conifers, while the Asterophyllites looked somewhat like modern Thuja (arborvitae)

Carboniferous fauna and flora - Calamites & Meganeura - Meganeura, giant dragonflies whose wingspan could exceed 80 cm, fly among calamites and asterophyllites. Giant Meganeura, resembling and related to present - day dragonflies, flutter between Calamites and Asterophyllites in a Carboniferous scene from over 300 million years ago. Now extinct, Calamites and Asterophyllites are related to today's horsetails, though they grew much larger. The Calamites resembled modern “” Christmas tree”” conifers, while the Asterophyllites looked somewhat like modern Thuja (arborvitae)

Walter B Myers

PIX4632872

Doryaspis and Actiniaria - Artist view of Doryaspis swimming in the sea 410 million years ago. 8-inch-long jawless fish of the genus Doryaspis swim among a bed of Anthozoa of the order Actiniaria (AKA sea anemones) 410 million years ago in what is today the Svalbard archipelago in Norway. Doryaspis (AKA Lyktaspis) was armored with bony spines and a long snout that had spines set along its length (somewhat like the “” saw””” of a modern sawfish). Doryaspis 'mouth opened above, rather than below, the snout and is believed to have dined on plankton, however the snout may have been used to stir up small crustaceans from the mud or sand. In addition to a variety of anemones are palm-like crinoids (class Crinoidea), pentagonal-shaped sea stars, nautilus-like ammonites, and squid-like nautiloid cephalopods of the genus Orthoceras

Doryaspis and Actiniaria - Artist view of Doryaspis swimming in the sea 410 million years ago. 8-inch-long jawless fish of the genus Doryaspis swim among a bed of Anthozoa of the order Actiniaria (AKA sea anemones) 410 million years ago in what is today the Svalbard archipelago in Norway. Doryaspis (AKA Lyktaspis) was armored with bony spines and a long snout that had spines set along its length (somewhat like the “” saw””” of a modern sawfish). Doryaspis 'mouth opened above, rather than below, the snout and is believed to have dined on plankton, however the snout may have been used to stir up small crustaceans from the mud or sand. In addition to a variety of anemones are palm-like crinoids (class Crinoidea), pentagonal-shaped sea stars, nautilus-like ammonites, and squid-like nautiloid cephalopods of the genus Orthoceras

Walter B Myers

PIX4661642

Dunkleosteus and Cladoselache - Dunkleosteus & Cladoselache - A Dunkleosteus approaches a Cladoselache, the ancestor of sharks. Dunkleosteus, formerly called Dinichthys, is a large fossil placoderm. He lived in the Upper Devonian, between 415 and 360 million years. The largest representatives of the genus were approximately 8-10 m long and weighed around 5 tonnes. These fish were probably the greatest marine predators of their time. A 30-foot-long, four-ton hypercarnivorous apex predator of the species Dunkleosteus terrellix is about to make a meal of a six-foot-long primitive shark of the genus Cladoselache 370 million years ago in the Rheic Ocean near what is today North America. Dunkleosteus terrellix was one of the largest arthrodire placoderms ever to have lived. Almost as long as a school bus, It was heavily armored and therefore likely a relatively slow, but powerful swimmer. There are four Cladoselache/primitive sharks in this image. The schooling fish are generic representatives of the class Actinopterygii, a sub-class of the bony fishes which emerged about 420 million years ago, while the sea jellies are generic representatives of the subphylum Medusozoa — Dunkleosteus and Cladoselache - Dunkleosteus & Cladoselache - A Dunkleosteus approaches a Cladoselache, the ancestor of sharks. Dunkleosteus, formerly called Dinichthys, is a large fossil placoderm. He lived in the Upper Devonian, between 415 and 360 million years. The largest representatives of the genus were approximately 8-10 m long and weighed around 5 tonnes. These fish were probably the greatest marine predators of their time. A 30-foot-long, four-ton hypercarnivorous apex predator of the species Dunkleosteus terrellix is about to make a meal of a six-foot-long primitive shark of the genus Cladoselache 370 million years ago in the Rheic Ocean near what is today North America. Dunkleosteus terrellix was one of the largest arthrodire placoderms ever to have lived. Almost as long as a school bus, It was heavily armored and therefore likely a relatively slow, but powerful swimmer. There are four Cladoselache/primitive sharks in this image. The schooling fish are generic representativ

Dunkleosteus and Cladoselache - Dunkleosteus & Cladoselache - A Dunkleosteus approaches a Cladoselache, the ancestor of sharks. Dunkleosteus, formerly called Dinichthys, is a large fossil placoderm. He lived in the Upper Devonian, between 415 and 360 million years. The largest representatives of the genus were approximately 8-10 m long and weighed around 5 tonnes. These fish were probably the greatest marine predators of their time. A 30-foot-long, four-ton hypercarnivorous apex predator of the species Dunkleosteus terrellix is about to make a meal of a six-foot-long primitive shark of the genus Cladoselache 370 million years ago in the Rheic Ocean near what is today North America. Dunkleosteus terrellix was one of the largest arthrodire placoderms ever to have lived. Almost as long as a school bus, It was heavily armored and therefore likely a relatively slow, but powerful swimmer. There are four Cladoselache/primitive sharks in this image. The schooling fish are generic representativ

Walter B Myers

PIX4661669

Phacops face - Artist's view of Phacops evoluting in the Silurian Sea (- 436 million years). Close - up of the face, eyes and antennae of a trilobite of the genus Phacops as it may have appeared 436 million years ago. The Phacops in this image is about six inches long. A marine arthropod of the class Trilobita, Phacops is characterized by a rounded body with a globose head. Phacops, like most trilobites, had a pair of sophisticated compound eyes composed of hundreds of rigid, crystalline lenses

Phacops face - Artist's view of Phacops evoluting in the Silurian Sea (- 436 million years). Close - up of the face, eyes and antennae of a trilobite of the genus Phacops as it may have appeared 436 million years ago. The Phacops in this image is about six inches long. A marine arthropod of the class Trilobita, Phacops is characterized by a rounded body with a globose head. Phacops, like most trilobites, had a pair of sophisticated compound eyes composed of hundreds of rigid, crystalline lenses

Walter B Myers

PIX4633248

Anomalocaris - Anomalocaris was a prehistoric invertebrate forming part of the arthropods or more precisely the anomalocarid arthropods, Anomalocaris would be the Earth's first superpredator. He would have lived between 535 and 520 million years, at the beginning of the Cambrian. It was carnivorous and was up to one metre long. The image also shows a trilobite (Oleonides serratus), sponges (Vauxia and Wapkia), Dinomischus (flower-shaped animal) and a meduse. An anomalocaridid from the genus Anomalocaris cruises a Middle Cambrian ocean floor about 500 million years ago. Growing to over three feet long, Anomalocaris is believed to have been a predator whose diet included trilobites and may have been one of the earliest arthropods. This image includes a trilobite from the species Olenoides serratus and sponges from the genus Vauxia and Wapkia. The small, flower - like animals (yes, like the sponges they are rooted animals) are from the genus Dinomischus. Above and behind the Anomalocaris is an ancient jellyfish — Anomalocaris - Anomalocaris was a prehistoric invertebrate forming part of the arthropods or more precisely the anomalocarid arthropods, Anomalocaris would be the Earth's first superpredator. He would have lived between 535 and 520 million years, at the beginning of the Cambrian. It was carnivorous and was up to one metre long. The image also shows a trilobite (Oleonides serratus), sponges (Vauxia and Wapkia), Dinomischus (flower-shaped animal) and a meduse. An anomalocaridid from the genus Anomalocaris cruises a Middle Cambrian ocean floor about 500 million years ago. Growing to over three feet long, Anomalocaris is believed to have been a predator whose diet included trilobites and may have been one of the earliest arthropods. This image includes a trilobite from the species Olenoides serratus and sponges from the genus Vauxia and Wapkia. The small, flower - like animals (yes, like the sponges they are rooted animals) are from the genus Dinomischus. Above and behind the Anomalocaris

Anomalocaris - Anomalocaris was a prehistoric invertebrate forming part of the arthropods or more precisely the anomalocarid arthropods, Anomalocaris would be the Earth's first superpredator. He would have lived between 535 and 520 million years, at the beginning of the Cambrian. It was carnivorous and was up to one metre long. The image also shows a trilobite (Oleonides serratus), sponges (Vauxia and Wapkia), Dinomischus (flower-shaped animal) and a meduse. An anomalocaridid from the genus Anomalocaris cruises a Middle Cambrian ocean floor about 500 million years ago. Growing to over three feet long, Anomalocaris is believed to have been a predator whose diet included trilobites and may have been one of the earliest arthropods. This image includes a trilobite from the species Olenoides serratus and sponges from the genus Vauxia and Wapkia. The small, flower - like animals (yes, like the sponges they are rooted animals) are from the genus Dinomischus. Above and behind the Anomalocaris

Walter B Myers

PIX4633309

Ichthyostega - View of an Ichthyostega 365 million years ago at the upper Devonian. Half-fish, half-terrestrial animal, the Ichthyostega was about 1 metre long. On the left, one of the first species of fern, Rhacophyton ceratangium. In the foreground, prehistoric arthropods (diplopods and cockroaches). A close - up of a three foot long Late Devonian Ichthyostega 365 million years ago in what is today the Canadian Arctic. Flanking the Ichthyostega are Rhacophyton ceratangium, ancient shrubs that are thought to be one of the earliest ferns. The reddish fruit - like nodules attached to the fronds on the right are sporangia, enclosures in which spores are formed. The large tree - like trunk on the far left is the base of a young Archaeopteris. In the foreground are prehistoric arthropods - - a millipede on the left and on the right cockroaches on trunk of a decaying Lycopsid. Arthropods had been walking the Earth for 40 million years before vertebrates like Ichthyostega began venturing ashore. Ichthyostega was one of the earliest tetrapods, a descendent of lobe - finned fishes and ancestor of amphibians. Ichthyostega had lungs and seven - toed limbs that allowed it to move about the shallow waters and shores of swamps and floodplains. It was among the first terrestrial vertebrates — Ichthyostega - View of an Ichthyostega 365 million years ago at the upper Devonian. Half-fish, half-terrestrial animal, the Ichthyostega was about 1 metre long. On the left, one of the first species of fern, Rhacophyton ceratangium. In the foreground, prehistoric arthropods (diplopods and cockroaches). A close - up of a three foot long Late Devonian Ichthyostega 365 million years ago in what is today the Canadian Arctic. Flanking the Ichthyostega are Rhacophyton ceratangium, ancient shrubs that are thought to be one of the earliest ferns. The reddish fruit - like nodules attached to the fronds on the right are sporangia, enclosures in which spores are formed. The large tree - like trunk on the far left is the base of a young Archaeopteris. In the foreground are prehistoric arthropods - - a millipede on the left and on the right cockroaches on trunk of a decaying Lycopsid. Arthropods had been walking the Earth for 40 million years before vertebrates like Ichthyostega began venturing ash

Ichthyostega - View of an Ichthyostega 365 million years ago at the upper Devonian. Half-fish, half-terrestrial animal, the Ichthyostega was about 1 metre long. On the left, one of the first species of fern, Rhacophyton ceratangium. In the foreground, prehistoric arthropods (diplopods and cockroaches). A close - up of a three foot long Late Devonian Ichthyostega 365 million years ago in what is today the Canadian Arctic. Flanking the Ichthyostega are Rhacophyton ceratangium, ancient shrubs that are thought to be one of the earliest ferns. The reddish fruit - like nodules attached to the fronds on the right are sporangia, enclosures in which spores are formed. The large tree - like trunk on the far left is the base of a young Archaeopteris. In the foreground are prehistoric arthropods - - a millipede on the left and on the right cockroaches on trunk of a decaying Lycopsid. Arthropods had been walking the Earth for 40 million years before vertebrates like Ichthyostega began venturing ash

Walter B Myers

PIX4632814

Dinomischus - Artist's View - Middle Cambrian Dinomischus - Dinomischus was a fixed and stationary animal that inhabited the seabed of the Burgess Shale (- 500 million years). It looked like a daisy about 2.5 cm. Resembling modern flowers, species of the genus Dinomischus populate the ocean floor about 505 million years ago. About four inches tall, Dinomischus was an animal permanently attached to the ocean floor by a stalk. It probably fed by filtering the surrounding seawater for nutrients, and may have created a current to facilitate this. Its mouth and anus were positioned side - by side

Dinomischus - Artist's View - Middle Cambrian Dinomischus - Dinomischus was a fixed and stationary animal that inhabited the seabed of the Burgess Shale (- 500 million years). It looked like a daisy about 2.5 cm. Resembling modern flowers, species of the genus Dinomischus populate the ocean floor about 505 million years ago. About four inches tall, Dinomischus was an animal permanently attached to the ocean floor by a stalk. It probably fed by filtering the surrounding seawater for nutrients, and may have created a current to facilitate this. Its mouth and anus were positioned side - by side

Walter B Myers

PIX4633215

Earth 443 million years ago - Artist View - Silurian Earth - This is how the Earth may have appeared 443 million years ago during the Silurian period. The northern most continent is what would become today's Siberia and to the west of that is the Panthalassic Ocean. South of the equator to the east is the early - Palaeozoic continent of Baltica later to form part of Eurasia, while to the east is the continent of Laurentia later to become the core of North America. Further south is the Rheic Ocean and to the west the Iapetus Ocean

Earth 443 million years ago - Artist View - Silurian Earth - This is how the Earth may have appeared 443 million years ago during the Silurian period. The northern most continent is what would become today's Siberia and to the west of that is the Panthalassic Ocean. South of the equator to the east is the early - Palaeozoic continent of Baltica later to form part of Eurasia, while to the east is the continent of Laurentia later to become the core of North America. Further south is the Rheic Ocean and to the west the Iapetus Ocean

Walter B Myers

PIX4633402

Dimetrodons by a lake - Dimetrodon lakeside - View of an artist of dimetrodons in a Permian landscape. Dimetrodon is a mammalian reptile (Therapside), carnivore living in Permian. A pair of carnivorous Dimetrodon explores an Early Permian landscape. The tree on the left is a Corodite, an ancient ancestor of today's conifers, and on the far right is a Glossopteris, a seed plant that came to dominate this period with over 70 different species

Dimetrodons by a lake - Dimetrodon lakeside - View of an artist of dimetrodons in a Permian landscape. Dimetrodon is a mammalian reptile (Therapside), carnivore living in Permian. A pair of carnivorous Dimetrodon explores an Early Permian landscape. The tree on the left is a Corodite, an ancient ancestor of today's conifers, and on the far right is a Glossopteris, a seed plant that came to dominate this period with over 70 different species

Walter B Myers

PIX4661665

Ichthyostega underwater - View of an Ichthyostega 365 million years ago at the upper Devonian. Half-fish, half-terrestrial animal, the Ichthyostega was about 1 metre long. A Late Devonian Ichthyostega submerged in a floodplain 365 million years ago in what is today the Canadian Arctic. The tree - like trunk immediately behind the Ichthyostega is the base of a Pleuromeia. The Ichthyostega is eyeing a drowned centipede. Ichthyostega was one of the earliest tetrapods, a descendent of lobe - finned fishes and ancestor of amphibians. Ichthyostega had lungs and seven - toed limbs that allowed it to move about the shallow waters and shores of swamps and floodplains. It was among the first terrestrial vertebrates

Ichthyostega underwater - View of an Ichthyostega 365 million years ago at the upper Devonian. Half-fish, half-terrestrial animal, the Ichthyostega was about 1 metre long. A Late Devonian Ichthyostega submerged in a floodplain 365 million years ago in what is today the Canadian Arctic. The tree - like trunk immediately behind the Ichthyostega is the base of a Pleuromeia. The Ichthyostega is eyeing a drowned centipede. Ichthyostega was one of the earliest tetrapods, a descendent of lobe - finned fishes and ancestor of amphibians. Ichthyostega had lungs and seven - toed limbs that allowed it to move about the shallow waters and shores of swamps and floodplains. It was among the first terrestrial vertebrates

Walter B Myers

PIX4632874

Pterygotus - Artist's view of pterygotus, a giant sea scorpion (eurypteride) 432 million years ago. Art work of a marine arthropod of the genus Pterygotus as it may have appeared 432 million years ago. This Pterygotus is about five feet long. Other fauna in this image include trilobites of the genus Phacops and sessile polyps of the order Actiniaria. Pterygotus is from the extinct order eurypterida (Sea Scorpion), and characterized by a pair of large compound eyes, as well as a pair of smaller eyes atop its head. It had 4 pairs of walking legs, a fifth pair modified into swimming paddles, and a pair of large pincers for grasping prey

Pterygotus - Artist's view of pterygotus, a giant sea scorpion (eurypteride) 432 million years ago. Art work of a marine arthropod of the genus Pterygotus as it may have appeared 432 million years ago. This Pterygotus is about five feet long. Other fauna in this image include trilobites of the genus Phacops and sessile polyps of the order Actiniaria. Pterygotus is from the extinct order eurypterida (Sea Scorpion), and characterized by a pair of large compound eyes, as well as a pair of smaller eyes atop its head. It had 4 pairs of walking legs, a fifth pair modified into swimming paddles, and a pair of large pincers for grasping prey

Walter B Myers

PIX4633251

Eogyrinus - Eogyrinus was one of the largest tetrapods of Carbonifere. It could reach 4.6m in length. His fossils were found in England. He was part of the Anthracosaur amphibian group that survived as far as Permian. It is believed that these amphibians were the ancestors of the group from which the reptiles were derived. In the background, a Meganeura, a giant dragonfly whose wingspan could exceed 80 cm. A 15 foot long, 200 pound prehistoric amphibian from the genus Eogyrinus swims down a Carboniferous tributary 300 million years ago in what is today western Europe. Further up the tributary another Eogyrinus prepares to enter the water. Eogyrinus was one of the largest predators of its time, and perhaps the largest of the family Eogyrinidae. It probably spent most of its time in the water, and like modern crocodiles probably fed on fish and other swimming vertebrates. Also in this image, on the upper left on the trunk of a Sigillaria scutellata is a giant millipede and cockroach. Flying overhead and resembling giant dragonflies are prehistoric insects from the genus Meganeura. The tree - like plants making up the surrounding forest include Sigillaria scutellata and Lepidodendron aculeatum. The low ground cover includes various primitive ferns and mosses — Eogyrinus - Eogyrinus was one of the largest tetrapods of Carbonifere. It could reach 4.6m in length. His fossils were found in England. He was part of the Anthracosaur amphibian group that survived as far as Permian. It is believed that these amphibians were the ancestors of the group from which the reptiles were derived. In the background, a Meganeura, a giant dragonfly whose wingspan could exceed 80 cm. A 15 foot long, 200 pound prehistoric amphibian from the genus Eogyrinus swims down a Carboniferous tributary 300 million years ago in what is today western Europe. Further up the tributary another Eogyrinus prepares to enter the water. Eogyrinus was one of the largest predators of its time, and perhaps the largest of the family Eogyrinidae. It probably spent most of its time in the water, and like modern crocodiles probably fed on fish and other swimming vertebrates. Also in this image, on the upper left on the trunk of a Sigillaria scutellata is a giant millipede and cockroach. Fly

Eogyrinus - Eogyrinus was one of the largest tetrapods of Carbonifere. It could reach 4.6m in length. His fossils were found in England. He was part of the Anthracosaur amphibian group that survived as far as Permian. It is believed that these amphibians were the ancestors of the group from which the reptiles were derived. In the background, a Meganeura, a giant dragonfly whose wingspan could exceed 80 cm. A 15 foot long, 200 pound prehistoric amphibian from the genus Eogyrinus swims down a Carboniferous tributary 300 million years ago in what is today western Europe. Further up the tributary another Eogyrinus prepares to enter the water. Eogyrinus was one of the largest predators of its time, and perhaps the largest of the family Eogyrinidae. It probably spent most of its time in the water, and like modern crocodiles probably fed on fish and other swimming vertebrates. Also in this image, on the upper left on the trunk of a Sigillaria scutellata is a giant millipede and cockroach. Fly

Walter B Myers

PIX4632823

Eryops - Close to modern crocodiles, two Eryops, giant prehistoric amphibians evolute in a carboniferous marsh about 300 million years ago. With a length of up to two metres, Eryops was one of the greatest predators of his time. Also visible in the picture, lower right, is an amphibian (Ophiderpeton) and a Meganeura in flight. Resembling modern crocodiles, two giant prehistoric amphibians from the genus Eryops dominate a Carboniferous swamp 300 million years ago in what is today North America. At six feet long and 200 pounds, Eryops was one of the largest predators of its time. It probably spent most of its time in the water, and like modern crocodiles probably fed on fish and other swimming vertebrates. Also in this image, on the lower right is a snake - like, legless amphibian from the genus Ophiderpeton. Flying overhead and resembling a giant dragonfly is a prehistoric insect from the genus Meganeura. The tree - like plants making up the surrounding forest include Sigillaria scutellata and Lepidodendron aculeatum. The low ground cover includes various primitive ferns and mosses — Eryops - Close to modern crocodiles, two Eryops, giant prehistoric amphibians evolute in a carboniferous marsh about 300 million years ago. With a length of up to two metres, Eryops was one of the greatest predators of his time. Also visible in the picture, lower right, is an amphibian (Ophiderpeton) and a Meganeura in flight. Resembling modern crocodiles, two giant prehistoric amphibians from the genus Eryops dominate a Carboniferous swamp 300 million years ago in what is today North America. At six feet long and 200 pounds, Eryops was one of the largest predators of its time. It probably spent most of its time in the water, and like modern crocodiles probably fed on fish and other swimming vertebrates. Also in this image, on the lower right is a snake - like, legless amphibian from the genus Ophiderpeton. Flying overhead and resembling a giant dragonfly is a prehistoric insect from the genus Meganeura. The tree - like plants making up the surrounding forest include Sigillaria scutell

Eryops - Close to modern crocodiles, two Eryops, giant prehistoric amphibians evolute in a carboniferous marsh about 300 million years ago. With a length of up to two metres, Eryops was one of the greatest predators of his time. Also visible in the picture, lower right, is an amphibian (Ophiderpeton) and a Meganeura in flight. Resembling modern crocodiles, two giant prehistoric amphibians from the genus Eryops dominate a Carboniferous swamp 300 million years ago in what is today North America. At six feet long and 200 pounds, Eryops was one of the largest predators of its time. It probably spent most of its time in the water, and like modern crocodiles probably fed on fish and other swimming vertebrates. Also in this image, on the lower right is a snake - like, legless amphibian from the genus Ophiderpeton. Flying overhead and resembling a giant dragonfly is a prehistoric insect from the genus Meganeura. The tree - like plants making up the surrounding forest include Sigillaria scutell

Walter B Myers

PIX4632864

Les Portes d'Enfer - Vienne - River Gartempe and Granite boulders - France - Les Portes d'Enfer (or Roc d'Enfer), Lathus - Saint - Remy, Poitou - Charente. Granite blocks on the Gartempe, where the river turns into a spectacular stream. Outcrop of the hercynian basement (- 350 million years). Hercynian granite boulders at the river Gartempe in a place nicknamed 'Les Portes d'Enfer (or Roc d'Enfer)'. Lathus - Saint - Remy, Poitou - Charente

Les Portes d'Enfer - Vienne - River Gartempe and Granite boulders - France - Les Portes d'Enfer (or Roc d'Enfer), Lathus - Saint - Remy, Poitou - Charente. Granite blocks on the Gartempe, where the river turns into a spectacular stream. Outcrop of the hercynian basement (- 350 million years). Hercynian granite boulders at the river Gartempe in a place nicknamed 'Les Portes d'Enfer (or Roc d'Enfer)'. Lathus - Saint - Remy, Poitou - Charente

Sebastien Beaucourt

PIX4669088

Trilobites - Artist's view - Phacops trilobites in a Silurian Sea - Artist's view of Phacops evoluting in the sea among the sponges (vauxia) to Silurian (- 436 million years). Trilobites of the genus Phacops scurry across the sandy bottom of a Silurian sea 436 million years ago. Also in this image are branching sponges from the genus Vauxia. Phacops is a marine arthropod of the class Trilobita. It is characterized by a rounded body with a globose head. The Phacops in this image are about six inches long

Trilobites - Artist's view - Phacops trilobites in a Silurian Sea - Artist's view of Phacops evoluting in the sea among the sponges (vauxia) to Silurian (- 436 million years). Trilobites of the genus Phacops scurry across the sandy bottom of a Silurian sea 436 million years ago. Also in this image are branching sponges from the genus Vauxia. Phacops is a marine arthropod of the class Trilobita. It is characterized by a rounded body with a globose head. The Phacops in this image are about six inches long

Walter B Myers

PIX4633255

Coal forest diorama

Coal forest diorama

NHM1452624

Carboniferous coal forest

Carboniferous coal forest

NHM1454973

Leuconoids, Sponge Coleoptychium, Cretaceous
(photo) — Leuconoids, Sponge Coleoptychium, Cretaceous (photo)

Leuconoids, Sponge Coleoptychium, Cretaceous (photo)

DGA1135504

Calamites suckowi (Brongniart)

Calamites suckowi (Brongniart)

NHM1450175

Devonian landscape

Devonian landscape

NHM1449733

Anglian ice sheet

Anglian ice sheet

NHM1454444

Temnocrinus tuberculatus (Miller)

Temnocrinus tuberculatus (Miller)

NHM1451356

Stigmaria ficoides (Brongniart)

Stigmaria ficoides (Brongniart)

NHM1450174

Neuropteris gigantea (Sternberg)

Neuropteris gigantea (Sternberg)

NHM1450177

Sarcopterygii, Fossilized Gyroptychius, Devonian
(photo) — Sarcopterygii, Fossilized Gyroptychius, Devonian (photo)

Sarcopterygii, Fossilized Gyroptychius, Devonian (photo)

DGA1134633

Carboniferous limestone sea

Carboniferous limestone sea

NHM1454324

Silurian mud-flows

Silurian mud-flows

Copus, Michael (20th century)

NHM1454455

Carboniferous coal forest

Carboniferous coal forest

NHM1449735

Devonian landscape

Devonian landscape

NHM1454285

Silurian landplants

Silurian landplants

NHM1449734

Permian desert

NHM1452603

Fossilized Seymouriamorphs Amphibian, Permian
(photo) — Fossilized Seymouriamorphs Amphibian, Permian (photo)

Fossilized Seymouriamorphs Amphibian, Permian (photo)

DGA1134637

Reptilia, Fossilized Labidosaurus hamatus, Permian
(photo) — Reptilia, Fossilized Labidosaurus hamatus, Permian (photo)

Reptilia, Fossilized Labidosaurus hamatus, Permian (photo)

DGA1134643

Palaeozoology, Carboniferous, Insects, Cockroach, illustration
(photo) — Palaeozoology, Carboniferous, Insects, Cockroach, illustration (photo)

Palaeozoology, Carboniferous, Insects, Cockroach, illustration (photo)

DGA1136368

Annelids, Polychaeta, Dryptoscolex matthiesae, Carboniferous
(photo) — Annelids, Polychaeta, Dryptoscolex matthiesae, Carboniferous (photo)

Annelids, Polychaeta, Dryptoscolex matthiesae, Carboniferous (photo)

DGA1135492

Arthropoda, Trilobites, Paradoxides, Cambrian
(photo) — Arthropoda, Trilobites, Paradoxides, Cambrian (photo)

Arthropoda, Trilobites, Paradoxides, Cambrian (photo)

DGA1135511

Amphibia, Fossilized Branchiosaurus, Permian
(photo) — Amphibia, Fossilized Branchiosaurus, Permian (photo)

Amphibia, Fossilized Branchiosaurus, Permian (photo)

DGA1134638

Sarcopterygii, Fossilized Osteolepis, Devonian
(photo) — Sarcopterygii, Fossilized Osteolepis, Devonian (photo)

Sarcopterygii, Fossilized Osteolepis, Devonian (photo)

DGA1134634

Silurian Wenlock sea

Silurian Wenlock sea

NHM1452884

Illustration of Trilobites from Paleozoic period underwater
(photo) — Illustration of Trilobites from Paleozoic period underwater (photo)

Illustration of Trilobites from Paleozoic period underwater (photo)

DGA1136440

Carboniferous crinoid garden

Carboniferous crinoid garden

NHM1459796

Edinburgh volcano

Edinburgh volcano

NHM1454898

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