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Photographs from 'Walter-B-Myers' found, 387

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Earth at the end of Permian - Ring arcs over the Permian Earth - A ring of rocks and dust is orbiting the Earth. The massive continent below is Pangee and the ocean to the west is Panthalassa. This is what Earth was supposed to look like at the end of Permian, about 260 million years ago, before the first dinosaurs appeared. This ring around the Earth was of earthly origin, constitutes debris thrown into orbit by collision with a meteorite or comet. Over time, these debris have either fallen or fallen back to Earth in a meteorite rain. A dusty ring arc orbits four thousand miles above Earth's equator. The massive continent below is Pangea and the ocean to the west is Panthalassa. This is how the Earth may have appeared during the end of the Permian period, a time just prior to the appearance of the dinosaurs, when continental drift was pulling Pangea apart into the seven continents we know today. 260 million years ago the Earth may have been host to ring arcs similar to the incomplete rings that currently circumscribe the planet Neptune. Unlike Neptune's rings, the ring arcs around the Earth were of terrestrial origin, debris thrown into orbit by a collision with a large meteorite or comet. The debris consisted of tiny pebbles that were once molten droplets of ejecta, long since cooled in the vacuum of space. The orbit of the ring arc would eventually decay, returning the debris back to Earth as a shower of meteorites. This debris is found on Earth's surface today in the form of dark, glassy objects known as tektites — Earth at the end of Permian - Ring arcs over the Permian Earth - A ring of rocks and dust is orbiting the Earth. The massive continent below is Pangee and the ocean to the west is Panthalassa. This is what Earth was supposed to look like at the end of Permian, about 260 million years ago, before the first dinosaurs appeared. This ring around the Earth was of earthly origin, constitutes debris thrown into orbit by collision with a meteorite or comet. Over time, these debris have either fallen or fallen back to Earth in a meteorite rain. A dusty ring arc orbits four thousand miles above Earth's equator. The massive continent below is Pangea and the ocean to the west is Panthalassa. This is how the Earth may have appeared during the end of the Permian period, a time just prior to the appearance of the dinosaurs, when continental drift was pulling Pangea apart into the seven continents we know today. 260 million years ago the Earth may have been host to ring arcs similar to the incomplete

Earth at the end of Permian - Ring arcs over the Permian Earth - A ring of rocks and dust is orbiting the Earth. The massive continent below is Pangee and the ocean to the west is Panthalassa. This is what Earth was supposed to look like at the end of Permian, about 260 million years ago, before the first dinosaurs appeared. This ring around the Earth was of earthly origin, constitutes debris thrown into orbit by collision with a meteorite or comet. Over time, these debris have either fallen or fallen back to Earth in a meteorite rain. A dusty ring arc orbits four thousand miles above Earth's equator. The massive continent below is Pangea and the ocean to the west is Panthalassa. This is how the Earth may have appeared during the end of the Permian period, a time just prior to the appearance of the dinosaurs, when continental drift was pulling Pangea apart into the seven continents we know today. 260 million years ago the Earth may have been host to ring arcs similar to the incomplete

Walter B Myers

PIX4633164

Earth 200 million years ago - Artist's view - Early Jurassic Earth - Earth seen at the beginning of the Jurassic, about 200 million years ago. The western hemisphere is representative, the north is up. The Pangee has just split, forming Laurasia to the north and Gondwana to the south. This is how the western hemisphere of the Earth may have appeared 200 million years ago during the Early Jurassic period. North is at the top. During this period continental drift, driven by the massive forces of plate tectonics, had just begun to break the supercontinent of Pangea into Laurasia in the north and Gondwana in the south. In this image the nascent North American continent has just broken away from North Africa while South America and the rest of Africa remain joined as Gondwana. To the west in the global Panthalassa ocean are strips of land corresponding to the Wrangellia Terrane which later merged with western North America

Earth 200 million years ago - Artist's view - Early Jurassic Earth - Earth seen at the beginning of the Jurassic, about 200 million years ago. The western hemisphere is representative, the north is up. The Pangee has just split, forming Laurasia to the north and Gondwana to the south. This is how the western hemisphere of the Earth may have appeared 200 million years ago during the Early Jurassic period. North is at the top. During this period continental drift, driven by the massive forces of plate tectonics, had just begun to break the supercontinent of Pangea into Laurasia in the north and Gondwana in the south. In this image the nascent North American continent has just broken away from North Africa while South America and the rest of Africa remain joined as Gondwana. To the west in the global Panthalassa ocean are strips of land corresponding to the Wrangellia Terrane which later merged with western North America

Walter B Myers

PIX4633329

La conquete de Mars-Illustration - Mars outpost near mesa - Artist's view of an inhabited base on Mars. A manned habitat rests on the rocky and desolate surface of Mars. In the background is a mesa and on the right a manned rover

La conquete de Mars-Illustration - Mars outpost near mesa - Artist's view of an inhabited base on Mars. A manned habitat rests on the rocky and desolate surface of Mars. In the background is a mesa and on the right a manned rover

Walter B Myers

PIX4639947

Mars - Illustration - Mars - Illustration - Artist's view of the planet Mars. The three volcanoes of Tharsis and Olympus Mons are visible on the left. In the centre is the great canyon Valles Marineris. A “” full””” Mars. In this image the massive volcano Olympus Mons is clearly visible upper left of center, while near center are the three Tharsis Montes volcanoes. All these volcanoes are believed to be extinct. To the right of the Tharsis Montes are the deep canyons of Valles Marineris, a meandering network of channels as long as the United States is wide. Mars has been known historically as a bright, reddish “” star”” in Earth's sky. The ruddy hue is due to the presence of iron oxide (i.e., rust) on the martian surface. Mars is often host to white clouds of water - ice crystals (like the high - altitude cirrus clouds on Earth) and experiences seasonal dust storms that can cover the entire planet

Mars - Illustration - Mars - Illustration - Artist's view of the planet Mars. The three volcanoes of Tharsis and Olympus Mons are visible on the left. In the centre is the great canyon Valles Marineris. A “” full””” Mars. In this image the massive volcano Olympus Mons is clearly visible upper left of center, while near center are the three Tharsis Montes volcanoes. All these volcanoes are believed to be extinct. To the right of the Tharsis Montes are the deep canyons of Valles Marineris, a meandering network of channels as long as the United States is wide. Mars has been known historically as a bright, reddish “” star”” in Earth's sky. The ruddy hue is due to the presence of iron oxide (i.e., rust) on the martian surface. Mars is often host to white clouds of water - ice crystals (like the high - altitude cirrus clouds on Earth) and experiences seasonal dust storms that can cover the entire planet

Walter B Myers

PIX4616786

Coelacanthe - Coelacanth portrait - A coelacanth swim in the ancient Tethys Ocean, 390 million years ago. A prehistoric, 130 pound Coelacanth swims the Paleo Tethys Sea 390 million years ago during the Middle Devonian period. Related to lungfishes and tetrapods, Coelacanths were thought to have gone extinct 65 million years ago until a living specimen was found off the east coast of South Africa in 1938

Coelacanthe - Coelacanth portrait - A coelacanth swim in the ancient Tethys Ocean, 390 million years ago. A prehistoric, 130 pound Coelacanth swims the Paleo Tethys Sea 390 million years ago during the Middle Devonian period. Related to lungfishes and tetrapods, Coelacanths were thought to have gone extinct 65 million years ago until a living specimen was found off the east coast of South Africa in 1938

Walter B Myers

PIX4661610

Saturn - Illustration - Saturn - Illustration - Artist's view of the planet Saturn. The ring system is composed from the closest to Saturn to the furthest by ring D, then C, B, the division of Cassini, A with the division of Encke, F, G and E. The brightest part of the rings is ring B. This image suggests how Saturn might look from high above the ring plane and at a right angle to the Sun, a perspective that we could never get from the Earth nor from the Hubble Space Telescope

Saturn - Illustration - Saturn - Illustration - Artist's view of the planet Saturn. The ring system is composed from the closest to Saturn to the furthest by ring D, then C, B, the division of Cassini, A with the division of Encke, F, G and E. The brightest part of the rings is ring B. This image suggests how Saturn might look from high above the ring plane and at a right angle to the Sun, a perspective that we could never get from the Earth nor from the Hubble Space Telescope

Walter B Myers

PIX4625712

A ring of rocks and dust is orbiting the Earth. The massive continent below is Pangee and the ocean to the west is Panthalassa. This is what Earth was supposed to look like at the end of Permian, about 260 million years ago, before the first dinosaurs appeared. This ring around the Earth was of earthly origin, constitutes debris thrown into orbit by collision with a meteorite or comet. Over time, these debris have fallen or fallen to Earth in a meteorite rain - A dusty ring arc orbits four thousand miles above Earth's equator. The massive continent below is Pangea and the ocean to the west is Panthalassa. This is how the Earth may have appeared during the end of the Permian period, a time just prior to the appearance of the dinosaurs, when continental drift was pulling Pangea apart into the seven continents we know today - 260 million years ago the Earth may have been host to ring arcs similar to the incomplete rings that currently circumscribe the planet Neptune . Unlike Neptune's rings, the ring arcs around the Earth were of terrestrial origin, debris thrown into orbit by a collision with a large meteorite or comet. The debris consisted of tiny pebbles that were once molten droplets of ejecta, long since cooled in the vacuum of space. The orbit of the ring arc would eventually decay, returning the debris back to Earth as a shower of meteorites. This debris is found on Earth's surface today in the form of dark, glassy objects known as tektites.: La Terre à la fin du Permien - Ring arcs over the Permian Earth — A ring of rocks and dust is orbiting the Earth. The massive continent below is Pangee and the ocean to the west is Panthalassa. This is what Earth was supposed to look like at the end of Permian, about 260 million years ago, before the first dinosaurs appeared. This ring around the Earth was of earthly origin, constitutes debris thrown into orbit by collision with a meteorite or comet. Over time, these debris have fallen or fallen to Earth in a meteorite rain - A dusty ring arc orbits four thousand miles above Earth's equator. The massive continent below is Pangea and the ocean to the west is Panthalassa. This is how the Earth may have appeared during the end of the Permian period, a time just prior to the appearance of the dinosaurs, when continental drift was pulling Pangea apart into the seven continents we know today - 260 million years ago the Earth may have been host to ring arcs similar to the incomplete rings that currently circumscribe the planet Neptune . Unlike Neptune's rin

A ring of rocks and dust is orbiting the Earth. The massive continent below is Pangee and the ocean to the west is Panthalassa. This is what Earth was supposed to look like at the end of Permian, about 260 million years ago, before the first dinosaurs appeared. This ring around the Earth was of earthly origin, constitutes debris thrown into orbit by collision with a meteorite or comet. Over time, these debris have fallen or fallen to Earth in a meteorite rain - A dusty ring arc orbits four thousand miles above Earth's equator. The massive continent below is Pangea and the ocean to the west is Panthalassa. This is how the Earth may have appeared during the end of the Permian period, a time just prior to the appearance of the dinosaurs, when continental drift was pulling Pangea apart into the seven continents we know today - 260 million years ago the Earth may have been host to ring arcs similar to the incomplete rings that currently circumscribe the planet Neptune . Unlike Neptune's rin

Walter B Myers

PIX4669572

Arthropleura - An arthropleura crawls among ferns in a carboniferous forest 310 million years ago. The Arthropleura is considered to be the largest arthropod of all times measuring 2-3 metres in length. He is a distant relative of arthropods such as a thousand-legged. A four foot long Arthropleura crawls amidst seed ferns from the genus Neuropteris in a Carboniferous forest 310 million years ago in what is today Scotland. Growing up to 8 feet long and 18 inches wide, Arthropleura was the largest known terrestrial arthropod of all time. A combination of a higher percentage of atmospheric oxygen and relatively few terrestrial predators may have enabled Arthropleura to evolve to such an enormous size. Despite its fierce appearance, Arthropleura is currently believed to have been a vegetarian. In the shadows on the upper right are “” roachoids,””” primitive ancestors of modern cockroaches

Arthropleura - An arthropleura crawls among ferns in a carboniferous forest 310 million years ago. The Arthropleura is considered to be the largest arthropod of all times measuring 2-3 metres in length. He is a distant relative of arthropods such as a thousand-legged. A four foot long Arthropleura crawls amidst seed ferns from the genus Neuropteris in a Carboniferous forest 310 million years ago in what is today Scotland. Growing up to 8 feet long and 18 inches wide, Arthropleura was the largest known terrestrial arthropod of all time. A combination of a higher percentage of atmospheric oxygen and relatively few terrestrial predators may have enabled Arthropleura to evolve to such an enormous size. Despite its fierce appearance, Arthropleura is currently believed to have been a vegetarian. In the shadows on the upper right are “” roachoids,””” primitive ancestors of modern cockroaches

Walter B Myers

PIX4632855

The First Trees on Earth - Artist View - First Trees - Artist view - 385 million years ago, in the upper Devonian, the first trees began to appear on Earth. In this illustration, the archaeopteris, considered the first tree, is present at different stages of its evolution, with on the left a young specimen of 6 metres, in the centre a tree twice as large, on the right, an even older specimen. At the extreme right, a strain of an old Archaeopteris collapse. 385 million years ago, near the end of the Devonian period, the first trees began to populate the Earth. Considered the first modern trees, the Archaeopteris were a part of the Earth's primitive forests for the next 25 million years. Unlike the trees we know today, Archaeopteris was in fact a primitive fern that reproduced by means of spores instead of seeds. While terrestrial plants had been around for 130 million years prior to Archaeopteris, this was the first plant to solve the biomechanical challenges of supporting and nurturing ever larger sizes, enabling these Archaeopteris to grow to heights of 70 feet and more, over twice the height of the Calamites. In this image, four stages of the life of the Archaeopteris are illustrated. On the far left nearest our vantage point is a young, 20 - foot Archaeopteris, and in the center at twice that height is a medium - aged Archaeopteris, and on the right is a fully mature specimen. Furthest right is the collapsed and decaying trunk of a mature tree, a contribution the biomassy that will eventually become the oil, coal and natural gas we exploit today — The First Trees on Earth - Artist View - First Trees - Artist view - 385 million years ago, in the upper Devonian, the first trees began to appear on Earth. In this illustration, the archaeopteris, considered the first tree, is present at different stages of its evolution, with on the left a young specimen of 6 metres, in the centre a tree twice as large, on the right, an even older specimen. At the extreme right, a strain of an old Archaeopteris collapse. 385 million years ago, near the end of the Devonian period, the first trees began to populate the Earth. Considered the first modern trees, the Archaeopteris were a part of the Earth's primitive forests for the next 25 million years. Unlike the trees we know today, Archaeopteris was in fact a primitive fern that reproduced by means of spores instead of seeds. While terrestrial plants had been around for 130 million years prior to Archaeopteris, this was the first plant to solve the biomechanical challenges of supporting and nurturing

The First Trees on Earth - Artist View - First Trees - Artist view - 385 million years ago, in the upper Devonian, the first trees began to appear on Earth. In this illustration, the archaeopteris, considered the first tree, is present at different stages of its evolution, with on the left a young specimen of 6 metres, in the centre a tree twice as large, on the right, an even older specimen. At the extreme right, a strain of an old Archaeopteris collapse. 385 million years ago, near the end of the Devonian period, the first trees began to populate the Earth. Considered the first modern trees, the Archaeopteris were a part of the Earth's primitive forests for the next 25 million years. Unlike the trees we know today, Archaeopteris was in fact a primitive fern that reproduced by means of spores instead of seeds. While terrestrial plants had been around for 130 million years prior to Archaeopteris, this was the first plant to solve the biomechanical challenges of supporting and nurturing

Walter B Myers

PIX4632789

Zhejiangopterus - This pterosaur was 5 metres long and lived in Cretace 81 million years ago. Zhejiangopterus is the genus of a moderately large azhdarchid pterosaur with a wingspan of about 12 feet and weight of about 50 pounds. Known for its long neck and lack of a long protruding head keel typical of other pterosaurs, this flying reptile soared in the skies of Late Cretaceous China about 81 million years ago and likely fed upon fish

Zhejiangopterus - This pterosaur was 5 metres long and lived in Cretace 81 million years ago. Zhejiangopterus is the genus of a moderately large azhdarchid pterosaur with a wingspan of about 12 feet and weight of about 50 pounds. Known for its long neck and lack of a long protruding head keel typical of other pterosaurs, this flying reptile soared in the skies of Late Cretaceous China about 81 million years ago and likely fed upon fish

Walter B Myers

PIX4664168

Ice on the Moon - Illustration - Lunar ice - Illustration - Artist's view of ice on the surface of a crater that remains perpetually in the shade of the Sun, near the poles. Water from an encounter with an icy comet has collected in the perpetual shade of a deep crater where the temperature is a constant - 380o F. In 1998, the unmanned Lunar Prospector probe discovered evidence for water ice on the surface of the moon. Some scientists believe that as much as 10 to 300 million tons of ice may reside at the moon's North and South poles. The source of the ice is thought to be from one or more comets that struck the moon's surface four billion years ago. (It is thought that Earth's water may have come from comets as well.) Unfortunately, the moon's small size and lack of an atmosphere caused it to lose almost all of its accumulated water to space. Any water that does remain on the moon would likely be on the poles, hidden in craters and depressions shaded from the Sun

Ice on the Moon - Illustration - Lunar ice - Illustration - Artist's view of ice on the surface of a crater that remains perpetually in the shade of the Sun, near the poles. Water from an encounter with an icy comet has collected in the perpetual shade of a deep crater where the temperature is a constant - 380o F. In 1998, the unmanned Lunar Prospector probe discovered evidence for water ice on the surface of the moon. Some scientists believe that as much as 10 to 300 million tons of ice may reside at the moon's North and South poles. The source of the ice is thought to be from one or more comets that struck the moon's surface four billion years ago. (It is thought that Earth's water may have come from comets as well.) Unfortunately, the moon's small size and lack of an atmosphere caused it to lose almost all of its accumulated water to space. Any water that does remain on the moon would likely be on the poles, hidden in craters and depressions shaded from the Sun

Walter B Myers

PIX4580041

Mars Exploration-Illustration - Martian Explorers - Men's exploration of Mars will require vehicles that can take a crew long distances and provide them with all the necessary protection against this hostile environment. Here, astronauts perform an extravehicular exit to take samples. Explorers don pressure suits and leave the safety of their climate-controlled motor home to examine an outcrop of sedimentary rock on a martian dune field

Mars Exploration-Illustration - Martian Explorers - Men's exploration of Mars will require vehicles that can take a crew long distances and provide them with all the necessary protection against this hostile environment. Here, astronauts perform an extravehicular exit to take samples. Explorers don pressure suits and leave the safety of their climate-controlled motor home to examine an outcrop of sedimentary rock on a martian dune field

Walter B Myers

PIX4639848

The Earth 600 million years ago - Artist's view - Ediacaran Earth - The Earth seen about 600 million years ago after an important period of glaciation. This is how the Earth may have appeared 600 million years ago following the Cryogenian “” Snowball Earth”” period. The worldwide glaciers have melted and the ocean is largely liquid again. During this, the Ediacaran period, it is hypothesized that all of the Earth's landmasses had merged into a single supercontinent known as Pannotia, also known as the Vendian supercontinent. Surrounding this massive landmass is the vast Panthalassic Ocean, also known as Panthalassa. While the ocean was home to a variety of evolving multicellular life forms including the ubiquitous Dickinsonia costata, it is not believed that life had moved to dry land with possible exception of bacteria and other microbial colonies

The Earth 600 million years ago - Artist's view - Ediacaran Earth - The Earth seen about 600 million years ago after an important period of glaciation. This is how the Earth may have appeared 600 million years ago following the Cryogenian “” Snowball Earth”” period. The worldwide glaciers have melted and the ocean is largely liquid again. During this, the Ediacaran period, it is hypothesized that all of the Earth's landmasses had merged into a single supercontinent known as Pannotia, also known as the Vendian supercontinent. Surrounding this massive landmass is the vast Panthalassic Ocean, also known as Panthalassa. While the ocean was home to a variety of evolving multicellular life forms including the ubiquitous Dickinsonia costata, it is not believed that life had moved to dry land with possible exception of bacteria and other microbial colonies

Walter B Myers

PIX4633308

Mars and Deimos - Illustration - Mars and Deimos - Illustration - Artist's view of Deimos, the smallest of Mars's two satellites. This is how Mars and its even smaller satellite Deimos might appear from a distance of about 100 miles from the surface of Deimos. Deimos is over Acidalia Planitia, an albedo feature that has been observed by Earth - bound astronomers since the 19th century. To the southwest are the fog - filled canyons of Valles Marineris, the westernmost of which are still in darkness. Beyond Mars, immediately to the left of its night side, is Phobos at a distance of 20,000 miles. The two bright objects in the lower left are the stars Beta Gruis and Al Nair in the southern constellation Grus. Like it's larger companion Phobos, Deimos does not possess enough mass to pull itself into a sphere; its shape instead is oblong with a length of about 10 miles and only 6 miles wide at its smallest dimension. Like Phobos, Deimos may be an asteroid long ago captured by Mars' gravity. Orbiting 14,600 miles above Mars' surface, Deimos completes one revolution every 30 hours — Mars and Deimos - Illustration - Mars and Deimos - Illustration - Artist's view of Deimos, the smallest of Mars's two satellites. This is how Mars and its even smaller satellite Deimos might appear from a distance of about 100 miles from the surface of Deimos. Deimos is over Acidalia Planitia, an albedo feature that has been observed by Earth - bound astronomers since the 19th century. To the southwest are the fog - filled canyons of Valles Marineris, the westernmost of which are still in darkness. Beyond Mars, immediately to the left of its night side, is Phobos at a distance of 20,000 miles. The two bright objects in the lower left are the stars Beta Gruis and Al Nair in the southern constellation Grus. Like it's larger companion Phobos, Deimos does not possess enough mass to pull itself into a sphere; its shape instead is oblong with a length of about 10 miles and only 6 miles wide at its smallest dimension. Like Phobos, Deimos may be an asteroid long ago captured by Mars' gravity.

Mars and Deimos - Illustration - Mars and Deimos - Illustration - Artist's view of Deimos, the smallest of Mars's two satellites. This is how Mars and its even smaller satellite Deimos might appear from a distance of about 100 miles from the surface of Deimos. Deimos is over Acidalia Planitia, an albedo feature that has been observed by Earth - bound astronomers since the 19th century. To the southwest are the fog - filled canyons of Valles Marineris, the westernmost of which are still in darkness. Beyond Mars, immediately to the left of its night side, is Phobos at a distance of 20,000 miles. The two bright objects in the lower left are the stars Beta Gruis and Al Nair in the southern constellation Grus. Like it's larger companion Phobos, Deimos does not possess enough mass to pull itself into a sphere; its shape instead is oblong with a length of about 10 miles and only 6 miles wide at its smallest dimension. Like Phobos, Deimos may be an asteroid long ago captured by Mars' gravity.

Walter B Myers

PIX4616824

Ichthyostega - Devonian tetrapods - View of atist depicting two Ichthyostega, tetrapods, 385 million years ago, to the upper Devonian. Half-fish, half-terrestrial animal, the Ichthyostega was about 1 metre long. Between them are represented in the water several trilobites and in the background a Bothriolepis. The vegetation consists mainly of ferns and archaeopteris, considered the first trees. A pair of four - limbed, Upper Devonian vertebrate animals of the genus Ichthyostega confront one another 365 million years ago at the edge of a freshwater pond. Basically half fish, half land animal, these tetrapods are each about three feet long. Between them in the water are several marine arthropods known as trilobites. Further beyond in the water is a 12 inch long Bothriolepis. Most of the plant life is varieties of fern, including the tall trees known as Archaeopteris

Ichthyostega - Devonian tetrapods - View of atist depicting two Ichthyostega, tetrapods, 385 million years ago, to the upper Devonian. Half-fish, half-terrestrial animal, the Ichthyostega was about 1 metre long. Between them are represented in the water several trilobites and in the background a Bothriolepis. The vegetation consists mainly of ferns and archaeopteris, considered the first trees. A pair of four - limbed, Upper Devonian vertebrate animals of the genus Ichthyostega confront one another 365 million years ago at the edge of a freshwater pond. Basically half fish, half land animal, these tetrapods are each about three feet long. Between them in the water are several marine arthropods known as trilobites. Further beyond in the water is a 12 inch long Bothriolepis. Most of the plant life is varieties of fern, including the tall trees known as Archaeopteris

Walter B Myers

PIX4632784

100m ocean level rise - Europe - Europe with sea level+100m - Artist's view showing Europe as it would appear if the ocean level increased by 100 metres. This would happen if all glaciers on Earth melt. This is how Europe, North Africa and the Middle East may appear with mean sea level about 100 meters (330 feet) above today's. Such a dramatic rise in sea level could occur if all of the Earth's glaciers were to melt.In this image almost every European country has been flooded with sea water to some extent. Much of the United Kingdom and France have become part of the Atlantic Ocean while Denmark and The Netherlands are completely submerged as are Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. The Black Sea has grown to include much of Bulgaria and Ukraine.The Mediterranean Sea now covers parts of Egypt (including all of the Nile delta), Libya and Tunisia and all of western Israel. The Persian Gulf has completely submerged Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, and much of Iraq and United Arab Emirates. To the west some of Mauritania and all of Senegal have become part of the Atlantic Ocean — 100m ocean level rise - Europe - Europe with sea level+100m - Artist's view showing Europe as it would appear if the ocean level increased by 100 metres. This would happen if all glaciers on Earth melt. This is how Europe, North Africa and the Middle East may appear with mean sea level about 100 meters (330 feet) above today's. Such a dramatic rise in sea level could occur if all of the Earth's glaciers were to melt.In this image almost every European country has been flooded with sea water to some extent. Much of the United Kingdom and France have become part of the Atlantic Ocean while Denmark and The Netherlands are completely submerged as are Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. The Black Sea has grown to include much of Bulgaria and Ukraine.The Mediterranean Sea now covers parts of Egypt (including all of the Nile delta), Libya and Tunisia and all of western Israel. The Persian Gulf has completely submerged Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, and much of Iraq and United Arab Emirates. To the west

100m ocean level rise - Europe - Europe with sea level+100m - Artist's view showing Europe as it would appear if the ocean level increased by 100 metres. This would happen if all glaciers on Earth melt. This is how Europe, North Africa and the Middle East may appear with mean sea level about 100 meters (330 feet) above today's. Such a dramatic rise in sea level could occur if all of the Earth's glaciers were to melt.In this image almost every European country has been flooded with sea water to some extent. Much of the United Kingdom and France have become part of the Atlantic Ocean while Denmark and The Netherlands are completely submerged as are Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. The Black Sea has grown to include much of Bulgaria and Ukraine.The Mediterranean Sea now covers parts of Egypt (including all of the Nile delta), Libya and Tunisia and all of western Israel. The Persian Gulf has completely submerged Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, and much of Iraq and United Arab Emirates. To the west

Walter B Myers

PIX4633209

Pteraspis Backlight - View of Pteraspis artist swimming in the sea 410 million years ago. Two jawless fish of the genus Pteraspis feed near the ocean's surface 410 million years ago during the Early Devonian. Pteraspis grew to a length of about 8 inches and is believed to have dined on shoals of plankton. A hard shell and spikes may have helped protect Pteraspis from larger predators

Pteraspis Backlight - View of Pteraspis artist swimming in the sea 410 million years ago. Two jawless fish of the genus Pteraspis feed near the ocean's surface 410 million years ago during the Early Devonian. Pteraspis grew to a length of about 8 inches and is believed to have dined on shoals of plankton. A hard shell and spikes may have helped protect Pteraspis from larger predators

Walter B Myers

PIX4661625

Psittacosaurus and pond - The psittacosaur (Psittacosaurus) is a ceratopsian dinosaur from the early Cretace that lived in Asia about 130 to 100 million years ago. A Jurassic Psittacosaurus prepares to dine on a scrubland cycad 130 million years ago in what is today central Asia. Psittacosaurus was one of the earliest known ceratopsians, a family of horned, frilled dinosaurs that includes the better known Triceratops. Psittacosaurus was about 3 to 6 feet long and weighed 50 to 175 pounds, depending on species. At least one species had long, quill-like structures on its tail and lower back. With a parrot-like beak it is believed that Psittacosaurus was a plant-eater

Psittacosaurus and pond - The psittacosaur (Psittacosaurus) is a ceratopsian dinosaur from the early Cretace that lived in Asia about 130 to 100 million years ago. A Jurassic Psittacosaurus prepares to dine on a scrubland cycad 130 million years ago in what is today central Asia. Psittacosaurus was one of the earliest known ceratopsians, a family of horned, frilled dinosaurs that includes the better known Triceratops. Psittacosaurus was about 3 to 6 feet long and weighed 50 to 175 pounds, depending on species. At least one species had long, quill-like structures on its tail and lower back. With a parrot-like beak it is believed that Psittacosaurus was a plant-eater

Walter B Myers

PIX4662900

Exploration of Mars-Illustration - Mars rover rendezvous - The exploration of Mars by men will require vehicles that can take a crew long distances and will have to provide them with all the necessary protection against this hostile environment. A pair of manned Mars rovers rendezvous on the martian surface. Humans may one day explore the martian surface with the help of pressurized rovers that would provide a shirt sleeve environment while protecting them from the deadly extremes of the martian environment. In this image each rover provides transportation and life support for two crew members. By traveling in pairs each rover can provide backup for the other, and if necessary a single rover could serve as refuge and transportation for all four explorers

Exploration of Mars-Illustration - Mars rover rendezvous - The exploration of Mars by men will require vehicles that can take a crew long distances and will have to provide them with all the necessary protection against this hostile environment. A pair of manned Mars rovers rendezvous on the martian surface. Humans may one day explore the martian surface with the help of pressurized rovers that would provide a shirt sleeve environment while protecting them from the deadly extremes of the martian environment. In this image each rover provides transportation and life support for two crew members. By traveling in pairs each rover can provide backup for the other, and if necessary a single rover could serve as refuge and transportation for all four explorers

Walter B Myers

PIX4639944

The Earth 650 million years ago - Artist's view - Snowball Earth - The Earth seen in a period of glaciation (Varanger glaciation), about 650 to 630 million years ago. This is how the Earth may have appeared about 650 million years ago during a period when snow and ice may have covered most, if not all, of the Earth's surface and oceans. This image suggests the Earth's appearance during the Marinoan glaciation from 650 to 630 million years ago. The southern and eastern hemispheres are dominated by glacier - covered land masses while the opposing hemisphere is frozen ocean save for a few areas of exposed liquid water, AKA refugia for the Earth's surviving soft - bodied multicellular organisms. In addition to the Marinoan glaciation there may have been at least two, and possibly three previous Proterozoic glacial periods going back to two billion years ago. The causes of these snowball periods are unknown but may have been due to massive volcanic eruptions, massive meteoritic impacts (both resulting in global sun - reflecting ash clouds), or variance's in the Earth's orbit — The Earth 650 million years ago - Artist's view - Snowball Earth - The Earth seen in a period of glaciation (Varanger glaciation), about 650 to 630 million years ago. This is how the Earth may have appeared about 650 million years ago during a period when snow and ice may have covered most, if not all, of the Earth's surface and oceans. This image suggests the Earth's appearance during the Marinoan glaciation from 650 to 630 million years ago. The southern and eastern hemispheres are dominated by glacier - covered land masses while the opposing hemisphere is frozen ocean save for a few areas of exposed liquid water, AKA refugia for the Earth's surviving soft - bodied multicellular organisms. In addition to the Marinoan glaciation there may have been at least two, and possibly three previous Proterozoic glacial periods going back to two billion years ago. The causes of these snowball periods are unknown but may have been due to massive volcanic eruptions, massive meteoritic impacts (bot

The Earth 650 million years ago - Artist's view - Snowball Earth - The Earth seen in a period of glaciation (Varanger glaciation), about 650 to 630 million years ago. This is how the Earth may have appeared about 650 million years ago during a period when snow and ice may have covered most, if not all, of the Earth's surface and oceans. This image suggests the Earth's appearance during the Marinoan glaciation from 650 to 630 million years ago. The southern and eastern hemispheres are dominated by glacier - covered land masses while the opposing hemisphere is frozen ocean save for a few areas of exposed liquid water, AKA refugia for the Earth's surviving soft - bodied multicellular organisms. In addition to the Marinoan glaciation there may have been at least two, and possibly three previous Proterozoic glacial periods going back to two billion years ago. The causes of these snowball periods are unknown but may have been due to massive volcanic eruptions, massive meteoritic impacts (bot

Walter B Myers

PIX4633276

Artist's view of a first human crew on Mars - Martian Pioneers - The first human visitors to Mars would face an environment nearly as hostile as the Earth's Moon. While Mars has an atmosphere, it contains no breathable oxygen and is so thin that the surface air pressure is about the same as the Earth's 18 miles above sea level. To venture outside, humans would need hardy suits that would supply pressure, oxygen, moisture, warmth, and insulate them from the fine martian dust that may be both abrasive and caustic. Even with these precautions, humans would still be vulnerable to radiation from solar storms and the continual rain of interstellar cosmic rays

Artist's view of a first human crew on Mars - Martian Pioneers - The first human visitors to Mars would face an environment nearly as hostile as the Earth's Moon. While Mars has an atmosphere, it contains no breathable oxygen and is so thin that the surface air pressure is about the same as the Earth's 18 miles above sea level. To venture outside, humans would need hardy suits that would supply pressure, oxygen, moisture, warmth, and insulate them from the fine martian dust that may be both abrasive and caustic. Even with these precautions, humans would still be vulnerable to radiation from solar storms and the continual rain of interstellar cosmic rays

Walter B Myers

PIX4639821

Saturn above the clouds of Titan - Illustration - Saturn from atop Titan's hydrocarbon haze - Artist's view of the planet Saturn view 80 km above the surface of his satellite Titan. In the plane of the rings of the planet appear from left to right the satellites Enceladus, Dione, Tethys and Rhea. Saturn and its rings would be a majestic sight lording over Titan's hydrocarbon haze. The viewpoint is from 50 miles above Titan's surface and three - quarters of a million miles away from Saturn itself. Four of Saturn's smaller satellites can also be seen along the ring plane: left to right are Enceladus, Dione, Tethys and Rhea. Technically, the orange clouds mark the beginning of Titan's condensate haze, which consists of ethane, methane, nitrogen, and a variety of hydrocarbons known collectively as tholin. These gases and hydrocarbons extend upward another 250 miles, resulting in a bluish, earthlike sky, albeit darker due to Titan's great distance from the Sun. Tholin is created by the interaction of the nitrogen - rich gases with ultraviolet light from the Sun and ultimately precipitates all the way down to Titan's surface. Notwithstanding its flame - like colors, this haze is chilled to minus 330o F — Saturn above the clouds of Titan - Illustration - Saturn from atop Titan's hydrocarbon haze - Artist's view of the planet Saturn view 80 km above the surface of his satellite Titan. In the plane of the rings of the planet appear from left to right the satellites Enceladus, Dione, Tethys and Rhea. Saturn and its rings would be a majestic sight lording over Titan's hydrocarbon haze. The viewpoint is from 50 miles above Titan's surface and three - quarters of a million miles away from Saturn itself. Four of Saturn's smaller satellites can also be seen along the ring plane: left to right are Enceladus, Dione, Tethys and Rhea. Technically, the orange clouds mark the beginning of Titan's condensate haze, which consists of ethane, methane, nitrogen, and a variety of hydrocarbons known collectively as tholin. These gases and hydrocarbons extend upward another 250 miles, resulting in a bluish, earthlike sky, albeit darker due to Titan's great distance from the Sun. Tholin is created by the inte

Saturn above the clouds of Titan - Illustration - Saturn from atop Titan's hydrocarbon haze - Artist's view of the planet Saturn view 80 km above the surface of his satellite Titan. In the plane of the rings of the planet appear from left to right the satellites Enceladus, Dione, Tethys and Rhea. Saturn and its rings would be a majestic sight lording over Titan's hydrocarbon haze. The viewpoint is from 50 miles above Titan's surface and three - quarters of a million miles away from Saturn itself. Four of Saturn's smaller satellites can also be seen along the ring plane: left to right are Enceladus, Dione, Tethys and Rhea. Technically, the orange clouds mark the beginning of Titan's condensate haze, which consists of ethane, methane, nitrogen, and a variety of hydrocarbons known collectively as tholin. These gases and hydrocarbons extend upward another 250 miles, resulting in a bluish, earthlike sky, albeit darker due to Titan's great distance from the Sun. Tholin is created by the inte

Walter B Myers

PIX4626034

Archean stromatolites - Illustration showing the shores of an ancient sea 3 billion years ago. In the foreground, stromatolites, aggregation of sediments and cyanobacteries. Stromatoliths have undoubtedly contributed to our dioxygen-rich atmosphere and the ozone layer that allowed the development of a more complex terrestrial and oceanic life. Dome - shaped stromatolites, averaging three feet high and four feet wide, populate the shallow shore of an ancient sea 3 billion years ago. The Moon looms near the horizon, much closer to the Earth than it is now and therefore appearing considerably larger, but otherwise looking much like the moon we know today. 3 billion years ago the first macro evidence of life on Earth may have appeared in the form of large aggregations of microorganisms and associated sediments known as stromatolites. Cyanobacteria (AKA blue - green algae) were likely one of the primary contributors to these aggregations. During the Archean Eon the Earth's atmosphere contained very little oxygen. Cyanobacteria would have thrived during this time as they employ photosynthesis to combine water, carbon dioxide, and sunlight to create their food, while the byproducts of this process are oxygen and calcium carbonate. Billions of years of photosynthetic processes by cyanobacteria other living organisms are likely the primary source of the oxygen we breathe. They also provided the oxygen that forms the protective ozone layer, filtering the shorter wavelengths of ultraviolet light from the Sun that are harmful to most forms of life. Varieties of stromatolites still flourish to this day with well - known formations in parts of Australia, Brazil, and the Bahamas — Archean stromatolites - Illustration showing the shores of an ancient sea 3 billion years ago. In the foreground, stromatolites, aggregation of sediments and cyanobacteries. Stromatoliths have undoubtedly contributed to our dioxygen-rich atmosphere and the ozone layer that allowed the development of a more complex terrestrial and oceanic life. Dome - shaped stromatolites, averaging three feet high and four feet wide, populate the shallow shore of an ancient sea 3 billion years ago. The Moon looms near the horizon, much closer to the Earth than it is now and therefore appearing considerably larger, but otherwise looking much like the moon we know today. 3 billion years ago the first macro evidence of life on Earth may have appeared in the form of large aggregations of microorganisms and associated sediments known as stromatolites. Cyanobacteria (AKA blue - green algae) were likely one of the primary contributors to these aggregations. During the Archean Eon the Earth's atmosphere contai

Archean stromatolites - Illustration showing the shores of an ancient sea 3 billion years ago. In the foreground, stromatolites, aggregation of sediments and cyanobacteries. Stromatoliths have undoubtedly contributed to our dioxygen-rich atmosphere and the ozone layer that allowed the development of a more complex terrestrial and oceanic life. Dome - shaped stromatolites, averaging three feet high and four feet wide, populate the shallow shore of an ancient sea 3 billion years ago. The Moon looms near the horizon, much closer to the Earth than it is now and therefore appearing considerably larger, but otherwise looking much like the moon we know today. 3 billion years ago the first macro evidence of life on Earth may have appeared in the form of large aggregations of microorganisms and associated sediments known as stromatolites. Cyanobacteria (AKA blue - green algae) were likely one of the primary contributors to these aggregations. During the Archean Eon the Earth's atmosphere contai

Walter B Myers

PIX4632751

Devonian Landscape, England, 2011 (photo)

Devonian Landscape, England, 2011 (photo)

Walter B Myers

PIX4632919

Western Inner Seaway - Artist's View - The Western Interior Seaway - The Western Interior Seaway (or North American Inner Sea) seen about 75 million years ago. This sea divided the North American continent into two continents, Laramidia in the west and Appalachia in the east. This is how the Western Interior Seaway may have appeared 75 million years ago from Earth orbit. This large inland sea once divided the North American continent into two landmasses, Laramidia to the west and Appalachia to the east. Branching toward the northeast is the Hudson Seaway and to the north on the horizon are the liquid polar waters of the Labrador Seaway. At less than one - fifth the size of present day North America, the island continent of Laramidia extended from present - day Mexico to Alaska and was home to tyrannosaurs, dromaeosaurids, troodontids, hadrosaurs, ceratopsians, pachycephalosaurs, and titanosaur sauropods. The dinosaurs of Appalachia are less - understood as much of the fossil evidence was destroyed by the glaciers that alternately descended from the north and retreated starting 2.5 million years ago — Western Inner Seaway - Artist's View - The Western Interior Seaway - The Western Interior Seaway (or North American Inner Sea) seen about 75 million years ago. This sea divided the North American continent into two continents, Laramidia in the west and Appalachia in the east. This is how the Western Interior Seaway may have appeared 75 million years ago from Earth orbit. This large inland sea once divided the North American continent into two landmasses, Laramidia to the west and Appalachia to the east. Branching toward the northeast is the Hudson Seaway and to the north on the horizon are the liquid polar waters of the Labrador Seaway. At less than one - fifth the size of present day North America, the island continent of Laramidia extended from present - day Mexico to Alaska and was home to tyrannosaurs, dromaeosaurids, troodontids, hadrosaurs, ceratopsians, pachycephalosaurs, and titanosaur sauropods. The dinosaurs of Appalachia are less - understood as much of the fossil evidence w

Western Inner Seaway - Artist's View - The Western Interior Seaway - The Western Interior Seaway (or North American Inner Sea) seen about 75 million years ago. This sea divided the North American continent into two continents, Laramidia in the west and Appalachia in the east. This is how the Western Interior Seaway may have appeared 75 million years ago from Earth orbit. This large inland sea once divided the North American continent into two landmasses, Laramidia to the west and Appalachia to the east. Branching toward the northeast is the Hudson Seaway and to the north on the horizon are the liquid polar waters of the Labrador Seaway. At less than one - fifth the size of present day North America, the island continent of Laramidia extended from present - day Mexico to Alaska and was home to tyrannosaurs, dromaeosaurids, troodontids, hadrosaurs, ceratopsians, pachycephalosaurs, and titanosaur sauropods. The dinosaurs of Appalachia are less - understood as much of the fossil evidence w

Walter B Myers

PIX4633326

The Dawn probe near Ceres - Artist's view - Dawn approaches Ceres - Artist view of the Dawn probe near the dwarf planet Ceres. In February 2015 the unmanned Dawn spacecraft is scheduled to arrive at the dwarf planet Ceres. The 65 foot long, 2.5 ton probe was launched from the Earth in 2007, passed March in 2009, and went into orbit around the protoplanet Vesta in July 2011 where it stayed until September 2012. Once in orbit around Ceres, Dawn is expected to operate for about a year making observations of this largest object in the asteroid belt. In this image Dawn's three xenon electrostatic ion thrusters can be seen emitting ionized xenon's characteristic blue/magenta glow, gently propelling the probe toward Ceres. While the ion engines have relatively low specific thrust (about equal to the weight of a few sheets of paper), they can operate continuously for long periods making efficient use of the approximately 1,000 pounds of xenon propellant onboard. The wing - like solar arrays produce about 1,300 watts for probe's propulsion and other electrical systems. While no close - up observations of yet been made of Ceres itself, here it is rendered as appearing similar to a much smaller version of the Earth's Moon, heavily cratered with the addition of surface water ice and hypothesized plumes of ice crystals from water geysers on its surface — The Dawn probe near Ceres - Artist's view - Dawn approaches Ceres - Artist view of the Dawn probe near the dwarf planet Ceres. In February 2015 the unmanned Dawn spacecraft is scheduled to arrive at the dwarf planet Ceres. The 65 foot long, 2.5 ton probe was launched from the Earth in 2007, passed March in 2009, and went into orbit around the protoplanet Vesta in July 2011 where it stayed until September 2012. Once in orbit around Ceres, Dawn is expected to operate for about a year making observations of this largest object in the asteroid belt. In this image Dawn's three xenon electrostatic ion thrusters can be seen emitting ionized xenon's characteristic blue/magenta glow, gently propelling the probe toward Ceres. While the ion engines have relatively low specific thrust (about equal to the weight of a few sheets of paper), they can operate continuously for long periods making efficient use of the approximately 1,000 pounds of xenon propellant onboard. The wing - like solar arrays pr

The Dawn probe near Ceres - Artist's view - Dawn approaches Ceres - Artist view of the Dawn probe near the dwarf planet Ceres. In February 2015 the unmanned Dawn spacecraft is scheduled to arrive at the dwarf planet Ceres. The 65 foot long, 2.5 ton probe was launched from the Earth in 2007, passed March in 2009, and went into orbit around the protoplanet Vesta in July 2011 where it stayed until September 2012. Once in orbit around Ceres, Dawn is expected to operate for about a year making observations of this largest object in the asteroid belt. In this image Dawn's three xenon electrostatic ion thrusters can be seen emitting ionized xenon's characteristic blue/magenta glow, gently propelling the probe toward Ceres. While the ion engines have relatively low specific thrust (about equal to the weight of a few sheets of paper), they can operate continuously for long periods making efficient use of the approximately 1,000 pounds of xenon propellant onboard. The wing - like solar arrays pr

Walter B Myers

PIX4607298

Neptune - Illustration - Neptune's Great Dark Spot - Illustration - Artist's view of Neptune with its ring system and large dark spot observed by the Voyager 2 probe in 1989. This is how Neptune's Great Dark Spot and rings may have looked in 1989 from a position just beneath Neptune's ring plane. The outermost Adams ring is near the top of the frame, and beneath that is the much broader and diffuse Lassell ring. Further in toward Neptune and abutting the Lassell ring is the thin Le Verrier ring, and beyond that is the diffuse Galle ring. The Great Dark Spot is believed to be a storm similar to, but only half the size of, Jupiter's Great Red Spot. While Jupiter's Great Red Spot has been raging for at least 400 years, subsequent observations of Neptune's Great Dark Spot in 1994 by the Hubble Space Telescope revealed that this storm has since disappeared. The Great Dark Spot was a very dynamic weather system, generating massive, white clouds similar to high - altitude cirrus clouds on Earth. Unlike cirrus clouds on Earth however, which are composed of crystals of water ice, Neptune's cirrus clouds are made up of crystals of frozen methane. Neptune's clouds are driven by winds of 1,200 mph, the fastest winds of any planet in the Solar System — Neptune - Illustration - Neptune's Great Dark Spot - Illustration - Artist's view of Neptune with its ring system and large dark spot observed by the Voyager 2 probe in 1989. This is how Neptune's Great Dark Spot and rings may have looked in 1989 from a position just beneath Neptune's ring plane. The outermost Adams ring is near the top of the frame, and beneath that is the much broader and diffuse Lassell ring. Further in toward Neptune and abutting the Lassell ring is the thin Le Verrier ring, and beyond that is the diffuse Galle ring. The Great Dark Spot is believed to be a storm similar to, but only half the size of, Jupiter's Great Red Spot. While Jupiter's Great Red Spot has been raging for at least 400 years, subsequent observations of Neptune's Great Dark Spot in 1994 by the Hubble Space Telescope revealed that this storm has since disappeared. The Great Dark Spot was a very dynamic weather system, generating massive, white clouds similar to high - altitude cirrus clouds on Ear

Neptune - Illustration - Neptune's Great Dark Spot - Illustration - Artist's view of Neptune with its ring system and large dark spot observed by the Voyager 2 probe in 1989. This is how Neptune's Great Dark Spot and rings may have looked in 1989 from a position just beneath Neptune's ring plane. The outermost Adams ring is near the top of the frame, and beneath that is the much broader and diffuse Lassell ring. Further in toward Neptune and abutting the Lassell ring is the thin Le Verrier ring, and beyond that is the diffuse Galle ring. The Great Dark Spot is believed to be a storm similar to, but only half the size of, Jupiter's Great Red Spot. While Jupiter's Great Red Spot has been raging for at least 400 years, subsequent observations of Neptune's Great Dark Spot in 1994 by the Hubble Space Telescope revealed that this storm has since disappeared. The Great Dark Spot was a very dynamic weather system, generating massive, white clouds similar to high - altitude cirrus clouds on Ear

Walter B Myers

PIX4624042

Comparison between the Earth, Ceres and the Moon - Ceres, Earth, & Earth's Moon compared - Comparison at the scale of the size of the Earth, the dwarf planet Ceres and the Moon. Ceres, the most massive object in the asteroid belt, is only 950 km in diameter. While Ceres is the most massive single object in the asteroid belt, it is yet quite small when compared with the Earth and moon

Comparison between the Earth, Ceres and the Moon - Ceres, Earth, & Earth's Moon compared - Comparison at the scale of the size of the Earth, the dwarf planet Ceres and the Moon. Ceres, the most massive object in the asteroid belt, is only 950 km in diameter. While Ceres is the most massive single object in the asteroid belt, it is yet quite small when compared with the Earth and moon

Walter B Myers

PIX4630011

Landscape of the Devonian - Calamites & Asteroxylon - Landscape of the early Devonian, about 390 million years ago, with calamites and asteroxylon (in the foreground). This is how a forest of Calamites and Asteroxylon may have appeared just about anywhere on the Earth 390 million years ago. The Calamites are the slender “” Christmas tree””” shaped plants. They grew as tall as many of today's conifers, though they are the ancient ancestors of the much smaller modern horsetails. The snake - like curlicue plants in the foreground are the now - extinct Asteroxylon, which emerged at the beginning of the Devonian period about 417 million years ago

Landscape of the Devonian - Calamites & Asteroxylon - Landscape of the early Devonian, about 390 million years ago, with calamites and asteroxylon (in the foreground). This is how a forest of Calamites and Asteroxylon may have appeared just about anywhere on the Earth 390 million years ago. The Calamites are the slender “” Christmas tree””” shaped plants. They grew as tall as many of today's conifers, though they are the ancient ancestors of the much smaller modern horsetails. The snake - like curlicue plants in the foreground are the now - extinct Asteroxylon, which emerged at the beginning of the Devonian period about 417 million years ago

Walter B Myers

PIX4632884

The New Horizons probe near 2014 MU69 - Artist's View - New Horizons and 2014 MU69 (binary) - Artwork: Artist's view of the New Horizons probe near the small object of Kuiper 2014 MU69. Observations in 2017 show that 2014 MU69 would be either a binary object (model favors), in contact or not, or a single object lengthens. Speculative illustration of Nasa's New Horizons interplanetary probe flying by classical Kuiper belt object (486958) 2014 MU69, about 3 billion miles from the Earth, on 1 January 2019. 2014 MU69 is either a single elongated object about 30 miles long, or two smaller objects orbiting very closely together, maybe even touching; this image illustrates the latter. New Horizons is about the size and shape of a grand piano and weighed 1,054 pounds at launch. The high-gain dish antenna is about 7 feet in diameter and is employed for communication with the Earth

The New Horizons probe near 2014 MU69 - Artist's View - New Horizons and 2014 MU69 (binary) - Artwork: Artist's view of the New Horizons probe near the small object of Kuiper 2014 MU69. Observations in 2017 show that 2014 MU69 would be either a binary object (model favors), in contact or not, or a single object lengthens. Speculative illustration of Nasa's New Horizons interplanetary probe flying by classical Kuiper belt object (486958) 2014 MU69, about 3 billion miles from the Earth, on 1 January 2019. 2014 MU69 is either a single elongated object about 30 miles long, or two smaller objects orbiting very closely together, maybe even touching; this image illustrates the latter. New Horizons is about the size and shape of a grand piano and weighed 1,054 pounds at launch. The high-gain dish antenna is about 7 feet in diameter and is employed for communication with the Earth

Walter B Myers

PIX4643748

Woolly Mammoth and African Elephant - Comparison - Woolly Mammoth & African Elephant compared - An adult woolly mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius) that lived 150,000 years ago is compared to an adult African elephant (Loxodonta) today. The woolly mammoth was 3.3 metres tall to the shoulder and weighed 5 tonnes, while the African elephant was 3.3 metres tall to the shoulder and weighed 4.5 tonnes. An adult Woolly Mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius) from 150 thousand years ago is compared to a modern adult African Elephant (genus Loxodonta). The Woolly Mammoth is 11 feet tall at the shoulder and weighs 11,000 pounds, while the African Elephant is 11 feet tall at the shoulder and weighs 10,000 pounds

Woolly Mammoth and African Elephant - Comparison - Woolly Mammoth & African Elephant compared - An adult woolly mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius) that lived 150,000 years ago is compared to an adult African elephant (Loxodonta) today. The woolly mammoth was 3.3 metres tall to the shoulder and weighed 5 tonnes, while the African elephant was 3.3 metres tall to the shoulder and weighed 4.5 tonnes. An adult Woolly Mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius) from 150 thousand years ago is compared to a modern adult African Elephant (genus Loxodonta). The Woolly Mammoth is 11 feet tall at the shoulder and weighs 11,000 pounds, while the African Elephant is 11 feet tall at the shoulder and weighs 10,000 pounds

Walter B Myers

PIX4664333

7 Wonders of the World: The Lighthouse of Alexandria - Egypt - The Pharos of Alexandria at twilight - The Pharos (lighthouse) of the ancient Egyptian city of Alexandria as it may have appeared 2,000 years ago. The lighthouse, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, was commissioned in the 3rd century BC by Ptolemy I and completed 12 years later under the rule of his son Ptolemy II. Built mostly with solid blocks of limestone, it is believed to have been about 400 feet tall (about 40 stories) making it one of the tallest man - made structures for many hundreds of years. It sat on the small island of Pharos near the coast of the Nile Delta's western edge, guiding ships to Alexandria's Great Harbor for nearly 1,500 years. The Pharos of Alexandria survived several major earthquakes until finally falling into ruin in in the 14th century. About 100 years later its limestone was used to construct the Citadel of Qaitbay at the same location

7 Wonders of the World: The Lighthouse of Alexandria - Egypt - The Pharos of Alexandria at twilight - The Pharos (lighthouse) of the ancient Egyptian city of Alexandria as it may have appeared 2,000 years ago. The lighthouse, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, was commissioned in the 3rd century BC by Ptolemy I and completed 12 years later under the rule of his son Ptolemy II. Built mostly with solid blocks of limestone, it is believed to have been about 400 feet tall (about 40 stories) making it one of the tallest man - made structures for many hundreds of years. It sat on the small island of Pharos near the coast of the Nile Delta's western edge, guiding ships to Alexandria's Great Harbor for nearly 1,500 years. The Pharos of Alexandria survived several major earthquakes until finally falling into ruin in in the 14th century. About 100 years later its limestone was used to construct the Citadel of Qaitbay at the same location

Walter B Myers

PIX4658792

Jupiter seen from its satellite Europe - Illustration - Jupiter & Io from Europa's surface - Illustration - Jupiter and Io seen from the ice surface of the satellite Europe. The surface of Europe is about five times brighter than our Moon. A crescent Jupiter hovers near the horizon along with Jupiter's volcanic satellite Io. In the foreground a meandering crevasse cleaves Europa's icy surface, one of thousands that crisscross this moon's exceedingly flat and bright exterior. The surface of Europa is about five times brighter than our own Moon and is so flat that no feature rises more than 3,000 feet

Jupiter seen from its satellite Europe - Illustration - Jupiter & Io from Europa's surface - Illustration - Jupiter and Io seen from the ice surface of the satellite Europe. The surface of Europe is about five times brighter than our Moon. A crescent Jupiter hovers near the horizon along with Jupiter's volcanic satellite Io. In the foreground a meandering crevasse cleaves Europa's icy surface, one of thousands that crisscross this moon's exceedingly flat and bright exterior. The surface of Europa is about five times brighter than our own Moon and is so flat that no feature rises more than 3,000 feet

Walter B Myers

PIX4575100

India 70 million years ago - Artist's view - Late Cretaceous India - India seen in the upper cretace about 70 million years ago. The north is upstairs. To the west, Madagascar separates from India. This is how the Indian subcontinent may have appeared 70 million years ago during the Late Cretaceous period. Looking north, immediately to India's west is the island continent of Madagascar and further west is the eastern coast of southern Africa. In the distant past India and Madagascar formed a single continent, however India was part of a separate tectonic plate that subsequently began to drift northward. This northward motion (covering about 8 inches per year making it among the fastest on the Earth's lithosphere) split India from Madagascar and carried it north across the Tethys Ocean until it collided with Eurasia about 50 to 35 million years ago. This collision between the Indian and Eurasian plates joined India to South Asia and created the Tibetan Plateau and the Himalaya Mountains, a process which is still evolving to this day — India 70 million years ago - Artist's view - Late Cretaceous India - India seen in the upper cretace about 70 million years ago. The north is upstairs. To the west, Madagascar separates from India. This is how the Indian subcontinent may have appeared 70 million years ago during the Late Cretaceous period. Looking north, immediately to India's west is the island continent of Madagascar and further west is the eastern coast of southern Africa. In the distant past India and Madagascar formed a single continent, however India was part of a separate tectonic plate that subsequently began to drift northward. This northward motion (covering about 8 inches per year making it among the fastest on the Earth's lithosphere) split India from Madagascar and carried it north across the Tethys Ocean until it collided with Eurasia about 50 to 35 million years ago. This collision between the Indian and Eurasian plates joined India to South Asia and created the Tibetan Plateau and the Himalaya Mountains

India 70 million years ago - Artist's view - Late Cretaceous India - India seen in the upper cretace about 70 million years ago. The north is upstairs. To the west, Madagascar separates from India. This is how the Indian subcontinent may have appeared 70 million years ago during the Late Cretaceous period. Looking north, immediately to India's west is the island continent of Madagascar and further west is the eastern coast of southern Africa. In the distant past India and Madagascar formed a single continent, however India was part of a separate tectonic plate that subsequently began to drift northward. This northward motion (covering about 8 inches per year making it among the fastest on the Earth's lithosphere) split India from Madagascar and carried it north across the Tethys Ocean until it collided with Eurasia about 50 to 35 million years ago. This collision between the Indian and Eurasian plates joined India to South Asia and created the Tibetan Plateau and the Himalaya Mountains

Walter B Myers

PIX4633346

Sunrise seen from Triton - Artist view - Sunrise on Triton - Artist view - Sunrise seen from Triton, the largest satellite in Neptune. A diminutive sun rises over Triton's hard and glistening landscape of rock, frozen water, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and methane. The little warmth that reaches Triton's surface induces a nitrogen and methane haze, forming a very tenuous atmosphere. It is very cold on Triton with temperatures falling as low as minus 391o F. While as much as 25% of Triton may be composed of water ice, it is very unlikely that there is any liquid water, or life, on this world

Sunrise seen from Triton - Artist view - Sunrise on Triton - Artist view - Sunrise seen from Triton, the largest satellite in Neptune. A diminutive sun rises over Triton's hard and glistening landscape of rock, frozen water, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and methane. The little warmth that reaches Triton's surface induces a nitrogen and methane haze, forming a very tenuous atmosphere. It is very cold on Triton with temperatures falling as low as minus 391o F. While as much as 25% of Triton may be composed of water ice, it is very unlikely that there is any liquid water, or life, on this world

Walter B Myers

PIX4624014

Comparison between Earth and Mars - Earth and Mars compared - Comparison at the scale of Earth and Mars sizes. The diameter of the planet Mars is half the diameter of the Earth. Mars' diameter is half that of the Earth's It has ten percent the mass If you weigh 180 pounds on Earth, you would weigh only 68 pounds on Mars. Mars is half again further from the Sun than the Earth The vast deserts of North Africa are no match for the planet-wide desert that is Mars. While the Earth is host to oceans of liquid water and has a relatively dense water-rich atmosphere, Mars is exceedingly dry, cold, and so far as we know, sterile. It is believed that Mars lost most of its water to space a long time ago, and any water that remains is frozen at the poles and locked deep in the ground as permafrost. It is an interesting coincidence that the total surface area of Mars is about the same as the surface area of dry land on the Earth

Comparison between Earth and Mars - Earth and Mars compared - Comparison at the scale of Earth and Mars sizes. The diameter of the planet Mars is half the diameter of the Earth. Mars' diameter is half that of the Earth's It has ten percent the mass If you weigh 180 pounds on Earth, you would weigh only 68 pounds on Mars. Mars is half again further from the Sun than the Earth The vast deserts of North Africa are no match for the planet-wide desert that is Mars. While the Earth is host to oceans of liquid water and has a relatively dense water-rich atmosphere, Mars is exceedingly dry, cold, and so far as we know, sterile. It is believed that Mars lost most of its water to space a long time ago, and any water that remains is frozen at the poles and locked deep in the ground as permafrost. It is an interesting coincidence that the total surface area of Mars is about the same as the surface area of dry land on the Earth

Walter B Myers

PIX4629809

Hyperespace - Artist view - Hyperspace - Artist view - Artist view - Artist view of a ship capable of interstellar journeys thanks to technology allowing to contract space - time. In this image a massive spacecraft employs a novel propulsion that exploits physics as yet unknown to travel faster than light

Hyperespace - Artist view - Hyperspace - Artist view - Artist view - Artist view of a ship capable of interstellar journeys thanks to technology allowing to contract space - time. In this image a massive spacecraft employs a novel propulsion that exploits physics as yet unknown to travel faster than light

Walter B Myers

PIX4640481

Space tourism - Artist's view - Cruise shuttle in low earth orbit - Artist's view of a space shuttle of the future approaching a docking with the International Space Station (ISS). A reusable space tourism “” cruise””” shuttle rendezvouses with the International Space Station (ISS) in preparation for docking. This shuttle is 75 feet long by 55 feet wide. The ISS is about 360 feet by 240 feet, or slightly larger than a football field

Space tourism - Artist's view - Cruise shuttle in low earth orbit - Artist's view of a space shuttle of the future approaching a docking with the International Space Station (ISS). A reusable space tourism “” cruise””” shuttle rendezvouses with the International Space Station (ISS) in preparation for docking. This shuttle is 75 feet long by 55 feet wide. The ISS is about 360 feet by 240 feet, or slightly larger than a football field

Walter B Myers

PIX4640644

Jupiter - Illustration - Jupiter is surrounded by a system of very dark rings composed of dust removed from some of its satellites. This system consists of a main ring, located between the Metis and Adrastee satellites, then rings very held in the orbits of the Amalthee and Thebe satellites. This is how Jupiter might look from a position in space just beneath the plane of Jupiter's Main ring. Jupiter's Main ring is believed to be composed of dust and debris from meteoroid impacts with Jupiter's tiny innermost satellites Metis and Adrastea. Jupiter hosts two other broader and more diffuse rings (too faint to be rendered here) which are believed to be generated and replenished by meteoroid impacts on the tiny satellites Thebe and Amalthea

Jupiter - Illustration - Jupiter is surrounded by a system of very dark rings composed of dust removed from some of its satellites. This system consists of a main ring, located between the Metis and Adrastee satellites, then rings very held in the orbits of the Amalthee and Thebe satellites. This is how Jupiter might look from a position in space just beneath the plane of Jupiter's Main ring. Jupiter's Main ring is believed to be composed of dust and debris from meteoroid impacts with Jupiter's tiny innermost satellites Metis and Adrastea. Jupiter hosts two other broader and more diffuse rings (too faint to be rendered here) which are believed to be generated and replenished by meteoroid impacts on the tiny satellites Thebe and Amalthea

Walter B Myers

PIX4575296

Artist view of the Exoplanete Gliese 581c - Artwork of exoplanet Gliese 581c - Artist view of the Exoplanete Gliese 581c. Gliese 581c, with a radius of 1.5 times that of the Earth, is the first exoplanet gathering the necessary elements to imagine the existence of a possible extra-terrestrial life. In April 2007 the Geneva Observatory in Switzerland announced the discovery of a “super - earth”” extrasolar planet orbiting the red dwarf star Gliese 581. Dubbed Gliese 581 c, it's been called a super - earth because it is one of the few known extrasolar planets that has a mass near Earth's, and the only one to occupy its sun's “” habitable zone.”” This image of a rocky and variegated Gliese 581 c with an atmosphere and clouds is purely speculative

Artist view of the Exoplanete Gliese 581c - Artwork of exoplanet Gliese 581c - Artist view of the Exoplanete Gliese 581c. Gliese 581c, with a radius of 1.5 times that of the Earth, is the first exoplanet gathering the necessary elements to imagine the existence of a possible extra-terrestrial life. In April 2007 the Geneva Observatory in Switzerland announced the discovery of a “super - earth”” extrasolar planet orbiting the red dwarf star Gliese 581. Dubbed Gliese 581 c, it's been called a super - earth because it is one of the few known extrasolar planets that has a mass near Earth's, and the only one to occupy its sun's “” habitable zone.”” This image of a rocky and variegated Gliese 581 c with an atmosphere and clouds is purely speculative

Walter B Myers

PIX4573773

Zuniceratops (digital)

Zuniceratops (digital)

Walter B Myers

PIX4663009

ISS and inflatable module - Large habitat and ISS: Artist's view of a large inflatable module (much larger than all existing modules) installed on the International Space Station (ISS). A spacious inflatable habitat is attached to the International Space Station (ISS) with a manned Crew Exploration Vehicle (CEV) docked on one end. This inflatable habitat, much larger than any existing ISS module, is a combination of layers of flexible material capped by sturdy docking hardware at either end. The inflatable portion is collapsed and sandwiched between the docking hardware portions for launch from earth and then inflated and pressurized with a breathable atmosphere once in orbit. The habitat features a pair of 42 x 24 inch windows to the outside. The habitat is attached to a pressurized module of the ISS via a Common Berthing Mechanism (CBM) while the other end of the habitat features an International Docking System Standard (IDSS) system for docking with manned spacecraft. The inflatable portion of the habitat is 45 feet long with a maximum diameter of 28 feet. Including docking hardware the total length is 55 feet. The interior of the habit, sans storage and other equipment, provides approximately 17 thousand cubic feet of micro gravity living space — ISS and inflatable module - Large habitat and ISS: Artist's view of a large inflatable module (much larger than all existing modules) installed on the International Space Station (ISS). A spacious inflatable habitat is attached to the International Space Station (ISS) with a manned Crew Exploration Vehicle (CEV) docked on one end. This inflatable habitat, much larger than any existing ISS module, is a combination of layers of flexible material capped by sturdy docking hardware at either end. The inflatable portion is collapsed and sandwiched between the docking hardware portions for launch from earth and then inflated and pressurized with a breathable atmosphere once in orbit. The habitat features a pair of 42 x 24 inch windows to the outside. The habitat is attached to a pressurized module of the ISS via a Common Berthing Mechanism (CBM) while the other end of the habitat features an International Docking System Standard (IDSS) system for docking with manned spacecraft. The inflatable

ISS and inflatable module - Large habitat and ISS: Artist's view of a large inflatable module (much larger than all existing modules) installed on the International Space Station (ISS). A spacious inflatable habitat is attached to the International Space Station (ISS) with a manned Crew Exploration Vehicle (CEV) docked on one end. This inflatable habitat, much larger than any existing ISS module, is a combination of layers of flexible material capped by sturdy docking hardware at either end. The inflatable portion is collapsed and sandwiched between the docking hardware portions for launch from earth and then inflated and pressurized with a breathable atmosphere once in orbit. The habitat features a pair of 42 x 24 inch windows to the outside. The habitat is attached to a pressurized module of the ISS via a Common Berthing Mechanism (CBM) while the other end of the habitat features an International Docking System Standard (IDSS) system for docking with manned spacecraft. The inflatable

Walter B Myers

PIX4641290

Exoplanete near a star at the end of life - A dying star sheds its outer layers - An artist's view of a star that, like the Sun at the end of life, turns into a red giant, and expels its upper layers into concentric circles, before becoming a white dwarf. In the foreground, an exoplanet distant from its star that sees its surface reheat. When a star like our sun nears the end of its life, it expands to more than 50 times its original diameter, becoming a red giant. Then over the next several tens of thousands of years the star episodically ejects its outer layers into space, sometimes producing concentric shells. These ejected layers eventually form a planetary nebula. What will subsequently remain of the star is a small, extremely hot core which cools off to become a white dwarf. In this image a red giant star expels its first of many shells of gas into space. In the years to come this spherical shell will grow outward, its circumference eventually expanding far beyond the orbit of this planet. As for this planet, being so far from its parent sun for most of its life has kept it in a deep, dark freeze for the past ten billion years (think Pluto). It has been during only the past 100 million years, when its sun first blossomed into a red giant, that this planet has experienced such light and warmth. This effluence is short - lived, however; in about another million years darkness and cold will again be the norm for this world — Exoplanete near a star at the end of life - A dying star sheds its outer layers - An artist's view of a star that, like the Sun at the end of life, turns into a red giant, and expels its upper layers into concentric circles, before becoming a white dwarf. In the foreground, an exoplanet distant from its star that sees its surface reheat. When a star like our sun nears the end of its life, it expands to more than 50 times its original diameter, becoming a red giant. Then over the next several tens of thousands of years the star episodically ejects its outer layers into space, sometimes producing concentric shells. These ejected layers eventually form a planetary nebula. What will subsequently remain of the star is a small, extremely hot core which cools off to become a white dwarf. In this image a red giant star expels its first of many shells of gas into space. In the years to come this spherical shell will grow outward, its circumference eventually expanding far beyond the orbit of th

Exoplanete near a star at the end of life - A dying star sheds its outer layers - An artist's view of a star that, like the Sun at the end of life, turns into a red giant, and expels its upper layers into concentric circles, before becoming a white dwarf. In the foreground, an exoplanet distant from its star that sees its surface reheat. When a star like our sun nears the end of its life, it expands to more than 50 times its original diameter, becoming a red giant. Then over the next several tens of thousands of years the star episodically ejects its outer layers into space, sometimes producing concentric shells. These ejected layers eventually form a planetary nebula. What will subsequently remain of the star is a small, extremely hot core which cools off to become a white dwarf. In this image a red giant star expels its first of many shells of gas into space. In the years to come this spherical shell will grow outward, its circumference eventually expanding far beyond the orbit of th

Walter B Myers

PIX4573888

Aurora sur Jupiter - Aurora on Jupiter - Artist's view of an aurora boreale on Jupiter. This is how auroras on Jupiter's north pole might look from a distance of about a quarter million miles. On the Sunlit side can be seen churning clouds of ammonia ice, ammonium hydrosulfide, and water ice. The “” dark”” side reveals a dazzling aurora and brilliant flashes of lightning hundreds of times brighter than lightning on Earth. Unlike Earth's north and south pole auroras which are powered by charged particles from the Sun, auroras on Jupiter are driven by particles emitted by Jupiter's volcanic moon Io. Io in fact leaves a distinct auroral “” footprint”” on Jupiter's poles, seen here as a whitish dot with a trailing, comet - like tail at the seven 0'clock position. Jupiter's moons Europa and Ganymede also have corresponding, albeit fainter footprints on the far side of the larger auroral oval

Aurora sur Jupiter - Aurora on Jupiter - Artist's view of an aurora boreale on Jupiter. This is how auroras on Jupiter's north pole might look from a distance of about a quarter million miles. On the Sunlit side can be seen churning clouds of ammonia ice, ammonium hydrosulfide, and water ice. The “” dark”” side reveals a dazzling aurora and brilliant flashes of lightning hundreds of times brighter than lightning on Earth. Unlike Earth's north and south pole auroras which are powered by charged particles from the Sun, auroras on Jupiter are driven by particles emitted by Jupiter's volcanic moon Io. Io in fact leaves a distinct auroral “” footprint”” on Jupiter's poles, seen here as a whitish dot with a trailing, comet - like tail at the seven 0'clock position. Jupiter's moons Europa and Ganymede also have corresponding, albeit fainter footprints on the far side of the larger auroral oval

Walter B Myers

PIX4574984

Inhabited mission to an asteroid - Artist's view - MMV begins descent to asteroid surface - An MMV, pilot by an astronaut, leaves his ship to descend to the surface of the asteroid. The Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle (MPCV) should be able to take a crew of six astronauts to an asteroid, the Moon or to take men to Mars. Here, the vehicle is connected to an additional housing module for a duration of more than three months, as well as to a module for extravehicular outputs equipped with two MVs (Manned Maneuvering Vehicles). The Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle (MPCV) is a spacecraft project currently being developed by Lockheed Martin for NASA. Based on specifications and tests already performed for the Orion spacecraft. It was announced by NASA on 24 May 2011. A Manned Maneuvering Vehicle (MMV) piloted by a single astronaut prepares to descend to the surface of a small asteroid

Inhabited mission to an asteroid - Artist's view - MMV begins descent to asteroid surface - An MMV, pilot by an astronaut, leaves his ship to descend to the surface of the asteroid. The Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle (MPCV) should be able to take a crew of six astronauts to an asteroid, the Moon or to take men to Mars. Here, the vehicle is connected to an additional housing module for a duration of more than three months, as well as to a module for extravehicular outputs equipped with two MVs (Manned Maneuvering Vehicles). The Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle (MPCV) is a spacecraft project currently being developed by Lockheed Martin for NASA. Based on specifications and tests already performed for the Orion spacecraft. It was announced by NASA on 24 May 2011. A Manned Maneuvering Vehicle (MMV) piloted by a single astronaut prepares to descend to the surface of a small asteroid

Walter B Myers

PIX4583983

Earth as seen from the Moon - Illustration - Earth as seen from the Moon - Illustration - The Moon has no atmosphere to scatter sunlight, as a result the lunar sky appears velvety black, whether it is the middle of the day or midnight Selene time. Another consequence of the lack of an atmosphere is that surface temperatures vary widely, from 212o F during the day to minus 280o F at night

Earth as seen from the Moon - Illustration - Earth as seen from the Moon - Illustration - The Moon has no atmosphere to scatter sunlight, as a result the lunar sky appears velvety black, whether it is the middle of the day or midnight Selene time. Another consequence of the lack of an atmosphere is that surface temperatures vary widely, from 212o F during the day to minus 280o F at night

Walter B Myers

PIX4580039

Pluto's Atmosphere - Artist's View - Pluto's Atmosphere - Pluto's Artist's View surrounded by its thin atmosphere. In 1985 it was discovered that Pluto has an atmosphere, albeit a very tenuous one. Pluto's atmosphere arises only when it approaches closer to the Sun during its highly eccentric, 248 earth years long orbit. The atmosphere likely consists of nitrogen, methane, and carbon monoxide, which sublimate directly from Pluto's frozen surface. As Pluto's orbit moves it away from the Sun, these gases are believed to slowly precipitate back to Pluto's surface

Pluto's Atmosphere - Artist's View - Pluto's Atmosphere - Pluto's Artist's View surrounded by its thin atmosphere. In 1985 it was discovered that Pluto has an atmosphere, albeit a very tenuous one. Pluto's atmosphere arises only when it approaches closer to the Sun during its highly eccentric, 248 earth years long orbit. The atmosphere likely consists of nitrogen, methane, and carbon monoxide, which sublimate directly from Pluto's frozen surface. As Pluto's orbit moves it away from the Sun, these gases are believed to slowly precipitate back to Pluto's surface

Walter B Myers

PIX4624547

Soyuz ship over the Earth - Soyuz TMA-M in low Earth orbit - Soyuz TMA-M ship over the Earth. Illustration. A three - person manned Soyuz TMA - M spacecraft soars over the Atlantic ocean as sunset settles over the western hemisphere. With the retirement of the Space Shuttle, the Russians currently have the only vehicle capable of delivering and retrieving crew from the International Space Station

Soyuz ship over the Earth - Soyuz TMA-M in low Earth orbit - Soyuz TMA-M ship over the Earth. Illustration. A three - person manned Soyuz TMA - M spacecraft soars over the Atlantic ocean as sunset settles over the western hemisphere. With the retirement of the Space Shuttle, the Russians currently have the only vehicle capable of delivering and retrieving crew from the International Space Station

Walter B Myers

PIX4605511

Ocean level rise - West Hemisphere - Earth's Western hemisphere with sea level+100m - Artist's view showing North and South America as they would appear if ocean levels increased by 100 metres. This would happen if all glaciers on Earth melt. This is how the Earth's Western hemisphere may appear with mean sea level about 100 meters (330 feet) above today's. Such a dramatic rise in sea level could occur if all of the Earth's glaciers were to melt. In this image the Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic ocean have inundated almost all of southeastern United State including the entire state of Florida, almost all of Louisiana, and significant portions of the other southeastern states and the District of Columbia. Major US cities submerged include New York City, Boston, and Houston, and on the west coast Los Angeles, San Francisco, and much of San Diego. In addition to land claimed from the United States this 100 meter rise in sea level has also claimed much of Central America including the Yucatan Peninsula and further south almost all of the Amazon basin. A likely cause of a catastrophic melting of the Earth ice stores would be a change in climate, a sudden rise in the global temperature accelerated by a runaway greenhouse effect. While the amount of water held by the Earth's glaciers can be calculated with some accuracy, the exact mechanism that would set those glaciers to melting, and how long it would take for them to melt, is poorly understood. Some models suggest that several millennia of higher temperatures would be required to melt all the world's glaciers, while others predict much faster processes on the scale of centuries, or even decades — Ocean level rise - West Hemisphere - Earth's Western hemisphere with sea level+100m - Artist's view showing North and South America as they would appear if ocean levels increased by 100 metres. This would happen if all glaciers on Earth melt. This is how the Earth's Western hemisphere may appear with mean sea level about 100 meters (330 feet) above today's. Such a dramatic rise in sea level could occur if all of the Earth's glaciers were to melt. In this image the Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic ocean have inundated almost all of southeastern United State including the entire state of Florida, almost all of Louisiana, and significant portions of the other southeastern states and the District of Columbia. Major US cities submerged include New York City, Boston, and Houston, and on the west coast Los Angeles, San Francisco, and much of San Diego. In addition to land claimed from the United States this 100 meter rise in sea level has also claimed much of Central America including the Yucatan

Ocean level rise - West Hemisphere - Earth's Western hemisphere with sea level+100m - Artist's view showing North and South America as they would appear if ocean levels increased by 100 metres. This would happen if all glaciers on Earth melt. This is how the Earth's Western hemisphere may appear with mean sea level about 100 meters (330 feet) above today's. Such a dramatic rise in sea level could occur if all of the Earth's glaciers were to melt. In this image the Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic ocean have inundated almost all of southeastern United State including the entire state of Florida, almost all of Louisiana, and significant portions of the other southeastern states and the District of Columbia. Major US cities submerged include New York City, Boston, and Houston, and on the west coast Los Angeles, San Francisco, and much of San Diego. In addition to land claimed from the United States this 100 meter rise in sea level has also claimed much of Central America including the Yucatan

Walter B Myers

PIX4633147

Dimetrodon among Alethopteris - Dimetrodon among Alethopteris - Artist's view of a dimetrodon among seed ferns (Alethopteris). Dimetrodon is a mammalian reptile (Therapside), carnivore living in Permian. Dimetrodon was the apex predator of its time and likely had few enemies save for other Dimetrodon. They came as large as 11 feet long, 4 feet tall, and weighing as much as 300 pounds. Their reptilian hide, a relative novelty for that period, ensured their survival out of water. The large sail may have helped them to regulate body temperature, a survival advantage during the extremes of hot and cold during the Early Permian. Given that Dimetrodon is more closely related to mammals than dinosaurs, it could be that our own body's ability to regulate temperature had its origin in this ancient beast. Alethopteris was a seed fern that populated much of the world during the Carboniferous and Early Permian periods. Long extinct, fossilized leaves from the Alethopteris are commonly found today

Dimetrodon among Alethopteris - Dimetrodon among Alethopteris - Artist's view of a dimetrodon among seed ferns (Alethopteris). Dimetrodon is a mammalian reptile (Therapside), carnivore living in Permian. Dimetrodon was the apex predator of its time and likely had few enemies save for other Dimetrodon. They came as large as 11 feet long, 4 feet tall, and weighing as much as 300 pounds. Their reptilian hide, a relative novelty for that period, ensured their survival out of water. The large sail may have helped them to regulate body temperature, a survival advantage during the extremes of hot and cold during the Early Permian. Given that Dimetrodon is more closely related to mammals than dinosaurs, it could be that our own body's ability to regulate temperature had its origin in this ancient beast. Alethopteris was a seed fern that populated much of the world during the Carboniferous and Early Permian periods. Long extinct, fossilized leaves from the Alethopteris are commonly found today

Walter B Myers

PIX4661655

Archaeopteryx - Archaeopteryx defending - An Archaeopteryx (or Archeopteryx) defends its territory on the shores of the Tethys Ocean 150 million years ago in what is today southern Germany. The Archeopteryx is a dinosaur and is considered the oldest known bird. A feathered Archaeopteryx protects its territory 150 million years ago in what is today southern Germany. About the size of a modern European Magpie, Archaeopteryx is the earliest known example of a fully feathered dinosaur. Despite its resemblance to birds, Archaeopteryx has more in common with small dinosaurs, especially in regard to its clawed arms and tiny teeth. The highly evolved feathers may have permitted Archaeopteryx to glide short distances, however it's unlikely Archaeopteryx could fly like a bird. During the late Jurassic Europe was a dry, tropical archipelago. In this image Archaeopteryx is depicted near the shore of the Tethys Sea

Archaeopteryx - Archaeopteryx defending - An Archaeopteryx (or Archeopteryx) defends its territory on the shores of the Tethys Ocean 150 million years ago in what is today southern Germany. The Archeopteryx is a dinosaur and is considered the oldest known bird. A feathered Archaeopteryx protects its territory 150 million years ago in what is today southern Germany. About the size of a modern European Magpie, Archaeopteryx is the earliest known example of a fully feathered dinosaur. Despite its resemblance to birds, Archaeopteryx has more in common with small dinosaurs, especially in regard to its clawed arms and tiny teeth. The highly evolved feathers may have permitted Archaeopteryx to glide short distances, however it's unlikely Archaeopteryx could fly like a bird. During the late Jurassic Europe was a dry, tropical archipelago. In this image Archaeopteryx is depicted near the shore of the Tethys Sea

Walter B Myers

PIX4662182

Mine sur un asteroide - Illustration - Mining base on double asteroid 90 Antiope - Illustration - Artist view une base minere installee sur l'asteroid double 90 Antiope. Some day a it may be worthwhile to mine resources from a distant asteroid, whether for raw materials for building an orbiting structure (cheaper than rocketing the materials from Earth's surface) or for some exotic material found only on a particular asteroid. This image is a bird's eye view of a mining settlement on the double asteroid 90 Antiope, located in the main asteroid belt between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. These two asteroids are about the same size - - 70 miles across - - and orbit around a common center like two ends of a barbell. The gap separating the two bodies is only about 40 miles. The extremely low surface gravity would permit the construction of delicate structures, such as the solar power array silhouetted against the sunny side of the sister asteroid, and would make it relatively easy to transport mined material off the surface — Mine sur un asteroide - Illustration - Mining base on double asteroid 90 Antiope - Illustration - Artist view une base minere installee sur l'asteroid double 90 Antiope. Some day a it may be worthwhile to mine resources from a distant asteroid, whether for raw materials for building an orbiting structure (cheaper than rocketing the materials from Earth's surface) or for some exotic material found only on a particular asteroid. This image is a bird's eye view of a mining settlement on the double asteroid 90 Antiope, located in the main asteroid belt between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. These two asteroids are about the same size - - 70 miles across - - and orbit around a common center like two ends of a barbell. The gap separating the two bodies is only about 40 miles. The extremely low surface gravity would permit the construction of delicate structures, such as the solar power array silhouetted against the sunny side of the sister asteroid, and would make it relatively easy to tran

Mine sur un asteroide - Illustration - Mining base on double asteroid 90 Antiope - Illustration - Artist view une base minere installee sur l'asteroid double 90 Antiope. Some day a it may be worthwhile to mine resources from a distant asteroid, whether for raw materials for building an orbiting structure (cheaper than rocketing the materials from Earth's surface) or for some exotic material found only on a particular asteroid. This image is a bird's eye view of a mining settlement on the double asteroid 90 Antiope, located in the main asteroid belt between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. These two asteroids are about the same size - - 70 miles across - - and orbit around a common center like two ends of a barbell. The gap separating the two bodies is only about 40 miles. The extremely low surface gravity would permit the construction of delicate structures, such as the solar power array silhouetted against the sunny side of the sister asteroid, and would make it relatively easy to tran

Walter B Myers

PIX4640726

Microraptor - Microraptor was a genus of small dromaeosaurid living in the lower cretace between 130 and 120 million years. A feathered Microraptor alights atop a tree fern 120 million years ago in what is today Liaoning, China. Like the older Archaeopteryx, Microraptor was about size of a modern European Magpie and is one of smallest dinosaurs ever discovered. Microraptor's entire body was covered with feathers including a broad stabilizing tail and elongated feathers for flying on both its arms and legs, leading to its classification as a four-winged dromaeosaur

Microraptor - Microraptor was a genus of small dromaeosaurid living in the lower cretace between 130 and 120 million years. A feathered Microraptor alights atop a tree fern 120 million years ago in what is today Liaoning, China. Like the older Archaeopteryx, Microraptor was about size of a modern European Magpie and is one of smallest dinosaurs ever discovered. Microraptor's entire body was covered with feathers including a broad stabilizing tail and elongated feathers for flying on both its arms and legs, leading to its classification as a four-winged dromaeosaur

Walter B Myers

PIX4662647

Carboniferous forest canopy - Artist's view of a forest 350 million years ago in North America. Lepidodendron aculeatum, Sigillaria scutellata and Cycadales are represented. This is how a Carboniferous forest of Midwestern North America 350 million years ago may have appeared from ground level looking up towards the sky. This image features vascular, arborescent (tree - like) plants of the species Lepidodendron aculeatum (resembling feather dusters on long sticks), spore - bearing, arborescent plants of the species Sigillaria scutellata (resembling toilet bowl brushes), and pinnate - leafed seed plants of the order Cycadales. Some Lepidodendron grew as tall as 150 feet

Carboniferous forest canopy - Artist's view of a forest 350 million years ago in North America. Lepidodendron aculeatum, Sigillaria scutellata and Cycadales are represented. This is how a Carboniferous forest of Midwestern North America 350 million years ago may have appeared from ground level looking up towards the sky. This image features vascular, arborescent (tree - like) plants of the species Lepidodendron aculeatum (resembling feather dusters on long sticks), spore - bearing, arborescent plants of the species Sigillaria scutellata (resembling toilet bowl brushes), and pinnate - leafed seed plants of the order Cycadales. Some Lepidodendron grew as tall as 150 feet

Walter B Myers

PIX4632971

Middle Jurassic ammonites - Ammonites - Artist's view - View of ammonites artist 170 million years ago. Mollusks of the subclass Ammonoidea in a Jurassic sea 170 million years ago. The planispiral shells are about 30 inches in diameter, making them among the larger known ammonites. Also in this image are ray - finned fish of the infraclassTeleostei and jellyfish of the order Scyphozoa. Ammonites were plentiful in the Earth's oceans for about 400 million years becoming extinct, along with the dinosaurs, about 66 million years ago during the Cretaceous - Paleogene (K - Pg) extinction event. While resembling modern shelled nautiloids, these once plentiful mollusks are more closely related to living octopuses, squid, and cuttlefish

Middle Jurassic ammonites - Ammonites - Artist's view - View of ammonites artist 170 million years ago. Mollusks of the subclass Ammonoidea in a Jurassic sea 170 million years ago. The planispiral shells are about 30 inches in diameter, making them among the larger known ammonites. Also in this image are ray - finned fish of the infraclassTeleostei and jellyfish of the order Scyphozoa. Ammonites were plentiful in the Earth's oceans for about 400 million years becoming extinct, along with the dinosaurs, about 66 million years ago during the Cretaceous - Paleogene (K - Pg) extinction event. While resembling modern shelled nautiloids, these once plentiful mollusks are more closely related to living octopuses, squid, and cuttlefish

Walter B Myers

PIX4633301

Size Comparison: Earth, Titan satellite and Moon - Earth, Titan, and Earth's Moon compared - Saturn's largest satellite, Titan compares to Earth and Moon. Titan may be larger than the planet Mercury - and (the dwarf planet) Pluto- but it is still considerably smaller than the Earth. Despite Titan's diminutive size, its atmosphere is dense enough that the barometric pressure at Titan's surface is one and-a-half times greater than that of the Earth's at sea level

Size Comparison: Earth, Titan satellite and Moon - Earth, Titan, and Earth's Moon compared - Saturn's largest satellite, Titan compares to Earth and Moon. Titan may be larger than the planet Mercury - and (the dwarf planet) Pluto- but it is still considerably smaller than the Earth. Despite Titan's diminutive size, its atmosphere is dense enough that the barometric pressure at Titan's surface is one and-a-half times greater than that of the Earth's at sea level

Walter B Myers

PIX4629987

Size Comparison: Earth and Jupiter - Jupiter and Earth compared - Comparison of the sizes of the Earth and Jupiter, the largest planet in the solar system. Diameter of Earth: 12 756.28 km Diametre of Jupiter: 142,984 km Jupiter's diameter is over ten times greater than the Earth's. If you weigh 180 pounds on Earth, you would weigh 426 pounds at Jupiter's cloud tops. Jupiter is five times further from the Sun than the Earth. Jupiter is so large that its famous Great Red Spot (actually a giant, hurricane-like storm that's at least 400 years old) would easily swallow the Earth. Jupiter spins so fast on its axis that it bulges noticeably at its equator (a day on Jupiter is about ten hours long)

Size Comparison: Earth and Jupiter - Jupiter and Earth compared - Comparison of the sizes of the Earth and Jupiter, the largest planet in the solar system. Diameter of Earth: 12 756.28 km Diametre of Jupiter: 142,984 km Jupiter's diameter is over ten times greater than the Earth's. If you weigh 180 pounds on Earth, you would weigh 426 pounds at Jupiter's cloud tops. Jupiter is five times further from the Sun than the Earth. Jupiter is so large that its famous Great Red Spot (actually a giant, hurricane-like storm that's at least 400 years old) would easily swallow the Earth. Jupiter spins so fast on its axis that it bulges noticeably at its equator (a day on Jupiter is about ten hours long)

Walter B Myers

PIX4629712

Artist's view of the New Horizons probe near Pluto - New Horizons over Pluto and Charon - Artist's view of the New Horizons probe near Pluto and its largest satellite Charon. The New Horizons probe was launched on 19 January 2006 to Jupiter, then Pluto and Charon, which it will reach in 2015 and Kuiper's objects in 2020. Nasa's New Horizons unmanned spacecraft over dwarf planet Pluto and its moon Charon. New Horizons has been en route to Pluto since its launch from Earth in 2006 and is scheduled to make its closest approach on 14 July 2015. New Horizons is about the size and shape of a grand piano and weighed 1,054 pounds at launch. The high - gain dish antenna is about 7 feet in diameter and is employed for communication with the Earth. In this image the New Horizons spacecraft is about 10,000 miles from Pluto (upper right), 22,000 miles from its largest moon Charon (upper left) and 2.97 billion miles from the Earth. Dominating this side of the spacecraft with an 8 inch aperture is the Long - Range Reconnaissance Imager (LORRI), a digital camera with a large telephoto telescope fortified to operate in the cold, hostile environs of deep space. At 90 days before closest approach to Pluto, Lorri's images will surpass the quality of the best Hubble Space Telescope images of Pluto. While little is known about Pluto's appearance, here this Kuiper belt dwarf planet is realized as a frozen world covered with various ices, hosting a thin atmosphere of nitrogen, methane and other hydrocarbons too possibly, with a significantly weathered surface as Pluto's 248 - year orbit alternately brings it closer then further from the warmth of the sun — Artist's view of the New Horizons probe near Pluto - New Horizons over Pluto and Charon - Artist's view of the New Horizons probe near Pluto and its largest satellite Charon. The New Horizons probe was launched on 19 January 2006 to Jupiter, then Pluto and Charon, which it will reach in 2015 and Kuiper's objects in 2020. Nasa's New Horizons unmanned spacecraft over dwarf planet Pluto and its moon Charon. New Horizons has been en route to Pluto since its launch from Earth in 2006 and is scheduled to make its closest approach on 14 July 2015. New Horizons is about the size and shape of a grand piano and weighed 1,054 pounds at launch. The high - gain dish antenna is about 7 feet in diameter and is employed for communication with the Earth. In this image the New Horizons spacecraft is about 10,000 miles from Pluto (upper right), 22,000 miles from its largest moon Charon (upper left) and 2.97 billion miles from the Earth. Dominating this side of the spacecraft with an 8 inch aperture is th

Artist's view of the New Horizons probe near Pluto - New Horizons over Pluto and Charon - Artist's view of the New Horizons probe near Pluto and its largest satellite Charon. The New Horizons probe was launched on 19 January 2006 to Jupiter, then Pluto and Charon, which it will reach in 2015 and Kuiper's objects in 2020. Nasa's New Horizons unmanned spacecraft over dwarf planet Pluto and its moon Charon. New Horizons has been en route to Pluto since its launch from Earth in 2006 and is scheduled to make its closest approach on 14 July 2015. New Horizons is about the size and shape of a grand piano and weighed 1,054 pounds at launch. The high - gain dish antenna is about 7 feet in diameter and is employed for communication with the Earth. In this image the New Horizons spacecraft is about 10,000 miles from Pluto (upper right), 22,000 miles from its largest moon Charon (upper left) and 2.97 billion miles from the Earth. Dominating this side of the spacecraft with an 8 inch aperture is th

Walter B Myers

PIX4607329

Ocean level rise - Hemisphere oriental - Earth's Eastern hemisphere with sea level+100m - Artist's view showing Asia and Oceania as they would appear if the ocean level increased by 100 metres. This would happen if all glaciers on Earth melt. This is how the Earth's Eastern hemisphere may appear with mean sea level about 100 meters (330 feet) above today's.

Ocean level rise - Hemisphere oriental - Earth's Eastern hemisphere with sea level+100m - Artist's view showing Asia and Oceania as they would appear if the ocean level increased by 100 metres. This would happen if all glaciers on Earth melt. This is how the Earth's Eastern hemisphere may appear with mean sea level about 100 meters (330 feet) above today's.

Walter B Myers

PIX4633107

Orthoceratites & trilobites - Artist's view of an Orthoceras catching a trilobite (Asaphus kowalewskii) in an Ordovician sea 480 million years ago. Orthoceras (Greek straight horn) is a genus of mollusk cephalopod fossil. They returned in large numbers during the Paleozoic and were the main predators. Squid - like Orthoceratites (genus Orthoceras) attempt to make meals of trilobites of the species Asaphus kowalewskii at the bottom of an Ordovician sea 480 million years ago. Also featured is a sea star (AKA starfish), an echinoderm of the class Asteroidea; palm - like Crinoids (AKA sea lilies); Rugosa (AKA Tetracoralla); Favistina stellata coral; and Vauxia sponges.

Orthoceratites & trilobites - Artist's view of an Orthoceras catching a trilobite (Asaphus kowalewskii) in an Ordovician sea 480 million years ago. Orthoceras (Greek straight horn) is a genus of mollusk cephalopod fossil. They returned in large numbers during the Paleozoic and were the main predators. Squid - like Orthoceratites (genus Orthoceras) attempt to make meals of trilobites of the species Asaphus kowalewskii at the bottom of an Ordovician sea 480 million years ago. Also featured is a sea star (AKA starfish), an echinoderm of the class Asteroidea; palm - like Crinoids (AKA sea lilies); Rugosa (AKA Tetracoralla); Favistina stellata coral; and Vauxia sponges.

Walter B Myers

PIX4633258

Earth 90 million years ago - Artist's view - Late Cretaceous Earth - Earth seen in the upper cretace, about 90 million years ago. This is how the western hemisphere of the Earth may have appeared 90 million years ago during the Late Cretaceous period. During this period continental drift, driven by the massive forces of plate tectonics, had broken the supercontinent of Pangea into Laurasia in the north and Gondwana in the south. With a climate much warmer than today's there were no frozen polar caps and the resulting high ocean levels submerged a third of today's landmasses under warm shallow seas creating numerous waterways and “” island””” continents. In this image much of the incipient North American continent is divided by the Western Interior Seaway, the Isthmus of Panama is submerged by the Proto - Caribbean Sea, and the Pacific Ocean is making an incursion into South America

Earth 90 million years ago - Artist's view - Late Cretaceous Earth - Earth seen in the upper cretace, about 90 million years ago. This is how the western hemisphere of the Earth may have appeared 90 million years ago during the Late Cretaceous period. During this period continental drift, driven by the massive forces of plate tectonics, had broken the supercontinent of Pangea into Laurasia in the north and Gondwana in the south. With a climate much warmer than today's there were no frozen polar caps and the resulting high ocean levels submerged a third of today's landmasses under warm shallow seas creating numerous waterways and “” island””” continents. In this image much of the incipient North American continent is divided by the Western Interior Seaway, the Isthmus of Panama is submerged by the Proto - Caribbean Sea, and the Pacific Ocean is making an incursion into South America

Walter B Myers

PIX4633324

Carboniferous fire - Carboniferous firestorm - Fire in a forest of ferns, sigillaria (sigillaria), calamites, cordaites and asterophyllites. In the foreground giant invertebrae try to take refuge in water. Fire rages through a prehistoric forest of towering Sigillaria and Cordaites, Asterophyllites, Calamites, and ferns. In the foreground a potpourri of giant Carboniferous invertebrates flee the conflagration, heading for the only real estate not subject to burning: water. On the left is a giant, 3 foot centipede; in the center is a giant Arthropleura, the largest known arthropod ever to walk the earth; on the right is a two - foot - long scorpion, and in between are dozens of prehistoric “” roachoids,””” some taking briefly to the searing air. On the far left submerged in the relative comfort of the water is a Dendrerpeton awaiting the prospect of an easy meal. 300 million years ago the Earth's atmosphere may have held considerably more oxygen than today; the air may have been as much as 35% oxygen (the air we breathe now is 21% oxygen). Such high oxygen levels may help to explain why so many terrestrial invertebrates - - insects, arachnids and some crustaceans - - grew to such enormous sizes. These invertebrates “” breathe”” by adsorbing oxygen directly through their skin. Another consequence of such an oxygen - rich environment would be an increased propensity for organic matter to combust. Forest fires sparked by lightning or volcanic activity must have burned with a special ferocity — Carboniferous fire - Carboniferous firestorm - Fire in a forest of ferns, sigillaria (sigillaria), calamites, cordaites and asterophyllites. In the foreground giant invertebrae try to take refuge in water. Fire rages through a prehistoric forest of towering Sigillaria and Cordaites, Asterophyllites, Calamites, and ferns. In the foreground a potpourri of giant Carboniferous invertebrates flee the conflagration, heading for the only real estate not subject to burning: water. On the left is a giant, 3 foot centipede; in the center is a giant Arthropleura, the largest known arthropod ever to walk the earth; on the right is a two - foot - long scorpion, and in between are dozens of prehistoric “” roachoids,””” some taking briefly to the searing air. On the far left submerged in the relative comfort of the water is a Dendrerpeton awaiting the prospect of an easy meal. 300 million years ago the Earth's atmosphere may have held considerably more oxygen than today; the air may have been as much

Carboniferous fire - Carboniferous firestorm - Fire in a forest of ferns, sigillaria (sigillaria), calamites, cordaites and asterophyllites. In the foreground giant invertebrae try to take refuge in water. Fire rages through a prehistoric forest of towering Sigillaria and Cordaites, Asterophyllites, Calamites, and ferns. In the foreground a potpourri of giant Carboniferous invertebrates flee the conflagration, heading for the only real estate not subject to burning: water. On the left is a giant, 3 foot centipede; in the center is a giant Arthropleura, the largest known arthropod ever to walk the earth; on the right is a two - foot - long scorpion, and in between are dozens of prehistoric “” roachoids,””” some taking briefly to the searing air. On the far left submerged in the relative comfort of the water is a Dendrerpeton awaiting the prospect of an easy meal. 300 million years ago the Earth's atmosphere may have held considerably more oxygen than today; the air may have been as much

Walter B Myers

PIX4632902

Dilophosaurus - Dilophosaurus amidst Williamsonia - An adult male dilophosaur (Dilophosaurus) among ferns, cycas and Williamsonia gigas (first flowering plants). Dilophosaur is the first known predatory dinosaur, it appeared at the beginning of the Jurassic almost 200 million years ago. A colorful adult male Dilophosaurus explores a hilltop that is host to Williamsonia gigas, Sago Palms, and ferns. The tree-like Williamsonia gigas was a seed plant belonging to the order of Bennettitales and reigned for 130 million years before becoming extinct. Williamsonia gigas produced what appears to be large flowers, which were really a group of seeds surrounded by a crown of leaf-like structures known as bracteae. True flowers didn't begin to dominate the landscape until relatively recently - about 50 million years ago. The 0ther flora illustrated here live to this day, including the coniferous Araucaria, ferns, and Sago Palms (which in reality are not palms but a type of gymnosperm). The first known predatory dinosaur appeared 190 million years ago during the early Jurassic period. Christened Dilophosaurus (meaning “” two-crested lizard,”” because it had a pair of distinctive bony crests on its head) this bipedal saurischian grew up to 20 feet long, stood 8 feet tall, and weighed as much as a half ton. Dilophosaurus roamed the Earth 100 million years before its larger and more celebrated cousin Tyrannosaurus Rex roared onto the scene — Dilophosaurus - Dilophosaurus amidst Williamsonia - An adult male dilophosaur (Dilophosaurus) among ferns, cycas and Williamsonia gigas (first flowering plants). Dilophosaur is the first known predatory dinosaur, it appeared at the beginning of the Jurassic almost 200 million years ago. A colorful adult male Dilophosaurus explores a hilltop that is host to Williamsonia gigas, Sago Palms, and ferns. The tree-like Williamsonia gigas was a seed plant belonging to the order of Bennettitales and reigned for 130 million years before becoming extinct. Williamsonia gigas produced what appears to be large flowers, which were really a group of seeds surrounded by a crown of leaf-like structures known as bracteae. True flowers didn't begin to dominate the landscape until relatively recently - about 50 million years ago. The 0ther flora illustrated here live to this day, including the coniferous Araucaria, ferns, and Sago Palms (which in reality are not palms but a type of gymnosperm). The first k

Dilophosaurus - Dilophosaurus amidst Williamsonia - An adult male dilophosaur (Dilophosaurus) among ferns, cycas and Williamsonia gigas (first flowering plants). Dilophosaur is the first known predatory dinosaur, it appeared at the beginning of the Jurassic almost 200 million years ago. A colorful adult male Dilophosaurus explores a hilltop that is host to Williamsonia gigas, Sago Palms, and ferns. The tree-like Williamsonia gigas was a seed plant belonging to the order of Bennettitales and reigned for 130 million years before becoming extinct. Williamsonia gigas produced what appears to be large flowers, which were really a group of seeds surrounded by a crown of leaf-like structures known as bracteae. True flowers didn't begin to dominate the landscape until relatively recently - about 50 million years ago. The 0ther flora illustrated here live to this day, including the coniferous Araucaria, ferns, and Sago Palms (which in reality are not palms but a type of gymnosperm). The first k

Walter B Myers

PIX4662030

Shonisaure - Shonisaurus - A 30-ton Shonisaurus (Shonisaurus) about to devour some belemnites.

Shonisaure - Shonisaurus - A 30-ton Shonisaurus (Shonisaurus) about to devour some belemnites.

Walter B Myers

PIX4662169

Impact on the Moon at the Cretace - Cretaceous lunar strike - Artist's view of an asteroid impact on the Moon illuminating a nocturnal landscape of the cretace. In the foreground, a spinosaur, a theropod dinosaur who lived in what is now Egypt 95 to 93 million years ago. What may appear here as a diamond ring effect from a solar eclipse is in fact a brilliant and momentary flash of light signaling a massive asteroid impact on the Moon. The Moon and all the inner planets of the Solar System show evidence of a long and violent history of encounters with meteorites and asteroids - leftover debris from the formation of the Solar System. This image depicts an asteroid colliding with the Moon about 95 million years ago. The perspective is from the surface of the Earth in what today is Egypt. The impact would have released millions of times more energy than today's largest nuclear weapon, creating a flash of light that would be far brighter than any star in the sky. In the foreground of this image stands a wary Spinosaurus, an enormous meat-eating dinosaur that lived during the late Cretaceous period. Its typical length from tail tip to snout was 40-50 feet, and is believed to have weighed at least 8 tons or more — Impact on the Moon at the Cretace - Cretaceous lunar strike - Artist's view of an asteroid impact on the Moon illuminating a nocturnal landscape of the cretace. In the foreground, a spinosaur, a theropod dinosaur who lived in what is now Egypt 95 to 93 million years ago. What may appear here as a diamond ring effect from a solar eclipse is in fact a brilliant and momentary flash of light signaling a massive asteroid impact on the Moon. The Moon and all the inner planets of the Solar System show evidence of a long and violent history of encounters with meteorites and asteroids - leftover debris from the formation of the Solar System. This image depicts an asteroid colliding with the Moon about 95 million years ago. The perspective is from the surface of the Earth in what today is Egypt. The impact would have released millions of times more energy than today's largest nuclear weapon, creating a flash of light that would be far brighter than any star in the sky. In the foreground of this

Impact on the Moon at the Cretace - Cretaceous lunar strike - Artist's view of an asteroid impact on the Moon illuminating a nocturnal landscape of the cretace. In the foreground, a spinosaur, a theropod dinosaur who lived in what is now Egypt 95 to 93 million years ago. What may appear here as a diamond ring effect from a solar eclipse is in fact a brilliant and momentary flash of light signaling a massive asteroid impact on the Moon. The Moon and all the inner planets of the Solar System show evidence of a long and violent history of encounters with meteorites and asteroids - leftover debris from the formation of the Solar System. This image depicts an asteroid colliding with the Moon about 95 million years ago. The perspective is from the surface of the Earth in what today is Egypt. The impact would have released millions of times more energy than today's largest nuclear weapon, creating a flash of light that would be far brighter than any star in the sky. In the foreground of this

Walter B Myers

PIX4662978

Jupiter seen from his satellite Ganymede - Illustration - Ridges, grooves, and craters on Ganymede - Artist's view of the surface of Ganymede, Jupiter's largest satellite. An impact crater about 15 km in diameter differs from the striated surface of the satellite. In the sky are represented Jupiter, the Europe satellite on the top right, and Io on the left of Jupiter. Jupiter's largest satellite Ganymede has a varying surface, some of which is characterized by rumpled bundles of ridges and grooves that run for hundreds of miles over a frozen surface of water - ice. They probably formed long ago when tectonic forces pulled apart Ganymede's upper crust; similar sets of faults occur in rift zones on Earth, as in eastern Africa. Subsequent meteoritic impacts have peppered - - and broken in places - - the continuity of the running formations. In this image an impact crater about 10 miles in diameter dominates a scene otherwise defined by a dozen long ridges. In the middle of the crater is a central peak, formed when the energy of the impact liquefied the crust long enough for it to rebound upward and solidify once again. Immediately above the horizon, Jupiter is still a majestic spectacle, even at a distance of nearly three times that between the Earth and its moon. Much closer on the upper right is Ganymede's sister satellite Europa. At a distance of 307 thousand miles from this vantage point, Europe is only a quarter again as far as the Earth is from its moon. To the lower left of Jupiter at nearly a million miles is Jupiter's volcanic satellite Io — Jupiter seen from his satellite Ganymede - Illustration - Ridges, grooves, and craters on Ganymede - Artist's view of the surface of Ganymede, Jupiter's largest satellite. An impact crater about 15 km in diameter differs from the striated surface of the satellite. In the sky are represented Jupiter, the Europe satellite on the top right, and Io on the left of Jupiter. Jupiter's largest satellite Ganymede has a varying surface, some of which is characterized by rumpled bundles of ridges and grooves that run for hundreds of miles over a frozen surface of water - ice. They probably formed long ago when tectonic forces pulled apart Ganymede's upper crust; similar sets of faults occur in rift zones on Earth, as in eastern Africa. Subsequent meteoritic impacts have peppered - - and broken in places - - the continuity of the running formations. In this image an impact crater about 10 miles in diameter dominates a scene otherwise defined by a dozen long ridges. In the middle of the crater is a

Jupiter seen from his satellite Ganymede - Illustration - Ridges, grooves, and craters on Ganymede - Artist's view of the surface of Ganymede, Jupiter's largest satellite. An impact crater about 15 km in diameter differs from the striated surface of the satellite. In the sky are represented Jupiter, the Europe satellite on the top right, and Io on the left of Jupiter. Jupiter's largest satellite Ganymede has a varying surface, some of which is characterized by rumpled bundles of ridges and grooves that run for hundreds of miles over a frozen surface of water - ice. They probably formed long ago when tectonic forces pulled apart Ganymede's upper crust; similar sets of faults occur in rift zones on Earth, as in eastern Africa. Subsequent meteoritic impacts have peppered - - and broken in places - - the continuity of the running formations. In this image an impact crater about 10 miles in diameter dominates a scene otherwise defined by a dozen long ridges. In the middle of the crater is a

Walter B Myers

PIX4575196

Earth - artist's view - Earth. Artwork - The Earth centered on Africa. Earth with Europe and Africa

Earth - artist's view - Earth. Artwork - The Earth centered on Africa. Earth with Europe and Africa

Walter B Myers

PIX4633160

Cretaceous marine predators - Cretaceous marine predators - Artist's view of three marine predators evoluting in the Sea of Niobrara, the inner sea of North America, 75 million years ago. From left to right there is an invertebra pursued by a 1.2 metre Enchodus, followed by a 5 metre Dolichorhynchops followed by an 18 metre Mosasaurus. Three primary marine predators that shared the ocean waters of the Western Interior Seaway of North America 75 million years ago are illustrated here. Left to right is a non-descript invertebrate pursued by a 4 foot long Enchodus, followed by a 17 foot long Dolichorhynchops, followed by a 55 foot long Mosasaur

Cretaceous marine predators - Cretaceous marine predators - Artist's view of three marine predators evoluting in the Sea of Niobrara, the inner sea of North America, 75 million years ago. From left to right there is an invertebra pursued by a 1.2 metre Enchodus, followed by a 5 metre Dolichorhynchops followed by an 18 metre Mosasaurus. Three primary marine predators that shared the ocean waters of the Western Interior Seaway of North America 75 million years ago are illustrated here. Left to right is a non-descript invertebrate pursued by a 4 foot long Enchodus, followed by a 17 foot long Dolichorhynchops, followed by a 55 foot long Mosasaur

Walter B Myers

PIX4663353

Diabloceratops and White Rhinoceros - Comparison - Diabloceratops & White Rhinoceros compared - An adult Diabloceratops who lived 70 million years ago is compared to today's adult White Rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum). The Diabloceratops was 2.5 metres high at the withers and weighed 3.6 tonnes, while the white rhinoceros was 1.8 metres high at the withers and weighed 3.2 tonnes. An adult Diabloceratops from 70 million years ago is compared to a modern adult White Rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum). The Diabloceratops is a little over 8 feet tall at the shoulder and weighs 8,000 pounds*, while the White Rhinoceros is 6 feet tall at the shoulder and weighs 7,000 pounds.* Values are estimates only based upon available paleontological data

Diabloceratops and White Rhinoceros - Comparison - Diabloceratops & White Rhinoceros compared - An adult Diabloceratops who lived 70 million years ago is compared to today's adult White Rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum). The Diabloceratops was 2.5 metres high at the withers and weighed 3.6 tonnes, while the white rhinoceros was 1.8 metres high at the withers and weighed 3.2 tonnes. An adult Diabloceratops from 70 million years ago is compared to a modern adult White Rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum). The Diabloceratops is a little over 8 feet tall at the shoulder and weighs 8,000 pounds*, while the White Rhinoceros is 6 feet tall at the shoulder and weighs 7,000 pounds.* Values are estimates only based upon available paleontological data

Walter B Myers

PIX4663175

Titan - Illustration - Saturn's satellite Titan - Artist's view of Titan, Saturn's largest satellite. Titan is Saturn's largest satellite and the second - largest satellite in the Solar System (just slightly smaller than Jupiter's Ganymede). Although Titan orbits Saturn, it is still larger than the planet Mercury and has the most substantial atmosphere of any satellite in the Solar System

Titan - Illustration - Saturn's satellite Titan - Artist's view of Titan, Saturn's largest satellite. Titan is Saturn's largest satellite and the second - largest satellite in the Solar System (just slightly smaller than Jupiter's Ganymede). Although Titan orbits Saturn, it is still larger than the planet Mercury and has the most substantial atmosphere of any satellite in the Solar System

Walter B Myers

PIX4626072

Exploration of Titan - Illustration - Looking for life on Titan - An automatic probe explores a hydrocarbon marsh in search of traces of life. A robotic probe explores a frigid ethane lake on Titan. Like the European Space Agency's Huygens probe, this probe carries its own light source as the surface of Titan is only 0.1 percent as bright as the Earth's. Titan is host to a plethora of organic (carbon - based) compounds, hence this is one of the few places in the Solar System where life outside of the Earth may have evolved. In many ways, Titan resemble a frozen primordial Earth, though the greatest obstacle to Titan harboring life - - as we know it - - is the extreme cold. Even though all the chemical ingredients are present, Titan simply may not be warm enough to initiate the chemical reactions required for life. Perhaps sometime in the next decades such a mission to Titan will be a reality

Exploration of Titan - Illustration - Looking for life on Titan - An automatic probe explores a hydrocarbon marsh in search of traces of life. A robotic probe explores a frigid ethane lake on Titan. Like the European Space Agency's Huygens probe, this probe carries its own light source as the surface of Titan is only 0.1 percent as bright as the Earth's. Titan is host to a plethora of organic (carbon - based) compounds, hence this is one of the few places in the Solar System where life outside of the Earth may have evolved. In many ways, Titan resemble a frozen primordial Earth, though the greatest obstacle to Titan harboring life - - as we know it - - is the extreme cold. Even though all the chemical ingredients are present, Titan simply may not be warm enough to initiate the chemical reactions required for life. Perhaps sometime in the next decades such a mission to Titan will be a reality

Walter B Myers

PIX4626138

Space tourism - Artist's view - Cruise shuttle in low earth orbit - Artist's view of a space shuttle of the future in orbit around the Earth. A reusable space tourism “” cruise””” shuttle orbits the earth at an altitude of approximately 250 miles. This spacecraft is 75 feet long by 55 feet wide.

Space tourism - Artist's view - Cruise shuttle in low earth orbit - Artist's view of a space shuttle of the future in orbit around the Earth. A reusable space tourism “” cruise””” shuttle orbits the earth at an altitude of approximately 250 miles. This spacecraft is 75 feet long by 55 feet wide.

Walter B Myers

PIX4640616

Inhabited mission to an asteroid - Artist's view - MMV departs for asteroid surface - This capsule should be able to take a crew of six astronauts to an asteroid, the Moon or to take men to Mars. Here, the vehicle is connected to an additional housing module for a duration of more than three months, as well as to a module for extravehicular outputs equipped with two MVs (Manned Maneuvering Vehicles). One of the MVs, pilot by an astronaut, leaves the ship and descends to the surface of the asteroid. The Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle (MPCV) is a spacecraft project currently being developed by Lockheed Martin for NASA. Based on specifications and tests already performed for the Orion spacecraft. It was announced by NASA on 24 May 2011. A Manned Maneuvering Vehicle (MMV) piloted by a single astronaut undocks from the main vessel and prepares to descend to the surface of a small asteroid

Inhabited mission to an asteroid - Artist's view - MMV departs for asteroid surface - This capsule should be able to take a crew of six astronauts to an asteroid, the Moon or to take men to Mars. Here, the vehicle is connected to an additional housing module for a duration of more than three months, as well as to a module for extravehicular outputs equipped with two MVs (Manned Maneuvering Vehicles). One of the MVs, pilot by an astronaut, leaves the ship and descends to the surface of the asteroid. The Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle (MPCV) is a spacecraft project currently being developed by Lockheed Martin for NASA. Based on specifications and tests already performed for the Orion spacecraft. It was announced by NASA on 24 May 2011. A Manned Maneuvering Vehicle (MMV) piloted by a single astronaut undocks from the main vessel and prepares to descend to the surface of a small asteroid

Walter B Myers

PIX4583979

New Horizons closest approach to Pluto - Artist's view of the New Horizons probe near Pluto and its largest satellite Charon. The New Horizons probe was launched on 19 January 2006 to Jupiter, then Pluto and Charon, which it will reach in 2015 and Kuiper's objects in 2020. Nasa's New Horizons unmanned spacecraft flies into the shadow of dwarf planet Pluto and its moon Charon. New Horizons has been en route to Pluto since its launch from Earth in 2006 and is scheduled to make its closest approach on 14 July 2015. New Horizons will be traveling at a velocity relative to Pluto of 30,800 mph, far too fast for it to enter orbit around and become a satellite of Pluto. Instead after passing Pluto, New Horizons will continue farther into the Kuiper belt searching for other objects with diameters of 30 to 60 miles. New Horizons is about the size and shape of a grand piano and weighed 1,054 pounds at launch. The high - gain dish antenna is about 7 feet in diameter and is employed for communication with the Earth. In this image the New Horizons spacecraft is about 6,000 miles from Pluto (left), 17,000 miles from its largest moon Charon (far left) and 2.97 billion miles from the Earth While little is known about Pluto's appearance, here this Kuiper belt dwarf planet is realized as a frozen world covered with various ices, hosting a thin atmosphere of nitrogen, methane and other hydrocarbons too possibly, with a significantly weathered surface as Pluto's 248 - year orbit alternately brings it closer then further from the warmth of the sun — New Horizons closest approach to Pluto - Artist's view of the New Horizons probe near Pluto and its largest satellite Charon. The New Horizons probe was launched on 19 January 2006 to Jupiter, then Pluto and Charon, which it will reach in 2015 and Kuiper's objects in 2020. Nasa's New Horizons unmanned spacecraft flies into the shadow of dwarf planet Pluto and its moon Charon. New Horizons has been en route to Pluto since its launch from Earth in 2006 and is scheduled to make its closest approach on 14 July 2015. New Horizons will be traveling at a velocity relative to Pluto of 30,800 mph, far too fast for it to enter orbit around and become a satellite of Pluto. Instead after passing Pluto, New Horizons will continue farther into the Kuiper belt searching for other objects with diameters of 30 to 60 miles. New Horizons is about the size and shape of a grand piano and weighed 1,054 pounds at launch. The high - gain dish antenna is about 7 feet in diameter and is employed for communicati

New Horizons closest approach to Pluto - Artist's view of the New Horizons probe near Pluto and its largest satellite Charon. The New Horizons probe was launched on 19 January 2006 to Jupiter, then Pluto and Charon, which it will reach in 2015 and Kuiper's objects in 2020. Nasa's New Horizons unmanned spacecraft flies into the shadow of dwarf planet Pluto and its moon Charon. New Horizons has been en route to Pluto since its launch from Earth in 2006 and is scheduled to make its closest approach on 14 July 2015. New Horizons will be traveling at a velocity relative to Pluto of 30,800 mph, far too fast for it to enter orbit around and become a satellite of Pluto. Instead after passing Pluto, New Horizons will continue farther into the Kuiper belt searching for other objects with diameters of 30 to 60 miles. New Horizons is about the size and shape of a grand piano and weighed 1,054 pounds at launch. The high - gain dish antenna is about 7 feet in diameter and is employed for communicati

Walter B Myers

PIX4607362

Inhabee mission to an asteroid - Artist's view - Astronaut in MMV above asteroid - An MMV (Manned Maneuvering Vehicles), pilot by an astronaut, explores the surface of an asteroid. Portrait of an astronaut piloting a Manned Maneuvering Vehicle (MMV) above the lunar-like surface of a small asteroid. A hybrid between a space suit and a small spacecraft, the MMV provides a comfortable shirt-sleeve environment for exploring the airless, microgravity environment of a small asteroid

Inhabee mission to an asteroid - Artist's view - Astronaut in MMV above asteroid - An MMV (Manned Maneuvering Vehicles), pilot by an astronaut, explores the surface of an asteroid. Portrait of an astronaut piloting a Manned Maneuvering Vehicle (MMV) above the lunar-like surface of a small asteroid. A hybrid between a space suit and a small spacecraft, the MMV provides a comfortable shirt-sleeve environment for exploring the airless, microgravity environment of a small asteroid

Walter B Myers

PIX4583987

Inhabited mission to an asteroid - Artist's view - Asteroid Lander prepares for touchdown - A living spaceship lands on the surface of an asteroid. A manned Asteroid Lander approaches the desolate surface of an asteroid in preparation for landing. Thrusts from reaction control units illuminates the dark side of the lander with a ghostly blue light

Inhabited mission to an asteroid - Artist's view - Asteroid Lander prepares for touchdown - A living spaceship lands on the surface of an asteroid. A manned Asteroid Lander approaches the desolate surface of an asteroid in preparation for landing. Thrusts from reaction control units illuminates the dark side of the lander with a ghostly blue light

Walter B Myers

PIX4584003

The New Horizons probe near 2014 MU69 - Artist's View - New Horizons and 2014 MU69 (binary) - Artwork: Artist's view of the New Horizons probe near the small object of Kuiper 2014 MU69. Observations in 2017 show that 2014 MU69 would be either a binary object (model favors), in contact or not, or a single object lengthens. Speculative illustration of Nasa's New Horizons interplanetary probe flying by classical Kuiper belt object (486958) 2014 MU69, about 3 billion miles from the Earth, on 1 January 2019. 2014 MU69 is either a single elongated object about 30 miles long, or two smaller objects orbiting very closely together, maybe even touching; this image illustrates the latter. New Horizons is about the size and shape of a grand piano and weighed 1,054 pounds at launch. The high-gain dish antenna is about 7 feet in diameter and is employed for communication with the Earth

The New Horizons probe near 2014 MU69 - Artist's View - New Horizons and 2014 MU69 (binary) - Artwork: Artist's view of the New Horizons probe near the small object of Kuiper 2014 MU69. Observations in 2017 show that 2014 MU69 would be either a binary object (model favors), in contact or not, or a single object lengthens. Speculative illustration of Nasa's New Horizons interplanetary probe flying by classical Kuiper belt object (486958) 2014 MU69, about 3 billion miles from the Earth, on 1 January 2019. 2014 MU69 is either a single elongated object about 30 miles long, or two smaller objects orbiting very closely together, maybe even touching; this image illustrates the latter. New Horizons is about the size and shape of a grand piano and weighed 1,054 pounds at launch. The high-gain dish antenna is about 7 feet in diameter and is employed for communication with the Earth

Walter B Myers

PIX4643730

Earth during a Total Solar Eclipse - Earth during a Total Solar Eclipse - Artist's view of the planet Earth during the night, seen above the Indian Ocean. The artificial lights of the cities appear. On the right, the part illuminated by the Sun shows an area of shadow caused by a total eclipse of the Sun. The perspective in this image is looking down on the Indian Ocean from an altitude of 25,000 miles. On the Earth's night side artificial lights clearly define the Mediterranean Sea, Red Sea, and almost the entire African continent, while clouds obscure some of Europe and India. The alignment with the Moon and Sun is such that at this moment a total eclipse of the Sun is visible revealing the Sun's brilliant corona. However the area of totality, i.e., the darkest part of the Moon's shadow, is so small - - less than 200 miles wide - - that observers on the Earth would not be able to see this total eclipse. The only portion of the eclipse visible from the Earth is in the eastern Indian Ocean where the Moon's penumbra (partial shadow) falls, as can be seen in this image. The fact that total solar eclipses are visible at all is due in part to one of the most amazing coincidences in the Solar System: the Sun and the Moon appear from Earth to be about the same size in the sky. This is because the Sun's diameter is both 400 times that of the Moon's and is about 400 times as far away from the Earth. The result is that from the Earth, the Moon appears to just barely cover the Sun. If the Moon's diameter were reduced by just 6%, or if it were a little further away, it would never be large enough to ever completely cover the Sun — Earth during a Total Solar Eclipse - Earth during a Total Solar Eclipse - Artist's view of the planet Earth during the night, seen above the Indian Ocean. The artificial lights of the cities appear. On the right, the part illuminated by the Sun shows an area of shadow caused by a total eclipse of the Sun. The perspective in this image is looking down on the Indian Ocean from an altitude of 25,000 miles. On the Earth's night side artificial lights clearly define the Mediterranean Sea, Red Sea, and almost the entire African continent, while clouds obscure some of Europe and India. The alignment with the Moon and Sun is such that at this moment a total eclipse of the Sun is visible revealing the Sun's brilliant corona. However the area of totality, i.e., the darkest part of the Moon's shadow, is so small - - less than 200 miles wide - - that observers on the Earth would not be able to see this total eclipse. The only portion of the eclipse visible from the Earth is in the eastern Indian O

Earth during a Total Solar Eclipse - Earth during a Total Solar Eclipse - Artist's view of the planet Earth during the night, seen above the Indian Ocean. The artificial lights of the cities appear. On the right, the part illuminated by the Sun shows an area of shadow caused by a total eclipse of the Sun. The perspective in this image is looking down on the Indian Ocean from an altitude of 25,000 miles. On the Earth's night side artificial lights clearly define the Mediterranean Sea, Red Sea, and almost the entire African continent, while clouds obscure some of Europe and India. The alignment with the Moon and Sun is such that at this moment a total eclipse of the Sun is visible revealing the Sun's brilliant corona. However the area of totality, i.e., the darkest part of the Moon's shadow, is so small - - less than 200 miles wide - - that observers on the Earth would not be able to see this total eclipse. The only portion of the eclipse visible from the Earth is in the eastern Indian O

Walter B Myers

PIX4628553

Uranus - Illustration - The planet Uranus and its system of rings. This image suggests how Uranus might look from a position in space several hundred thousand miles above its south pole. Like Saturn and Jupiter, Uranus is a Gas Giant, composed primarily of hydrogen and helium gases surrounding a relatively small, dense core of molten rock and metal. Its bluish color is due to the presence of methane in its upper atmosphere. Also like Saturn and Jupiter, Uranus has rings. However Uranus' rings are over three orders of magnitude dimmer than Saturn's; where Saturn's rings are almost white, Uranus' rings are more like the color of charcoal. Uranus 'rings are so dim that they went undetected from 1781, when the English astronomer William Herschel first observed Uranus through a telescope, until 1977 when astronomers watched as a star passing behind Uranus appeared to blink several times, caused by the ten rings surrounding the planet. One bizarre aspect of Uranus is that its axis of rotation is tipped beyond 90 degrees in relation to the plane of its orbit around the Sun. This puts Uranus' north and south poles, relative to the Sun, where the other planets have their equators — Uranus - Illustration - The planet Uranus and its system of rings. This image suggests how Uranus might look from a position in space several hundred thousand miles above its south pole. Like Saturn and Jupiter, Uranus is a Gas Giant, composed primarily of hydrogen and helium gases surrounding a relatively small, dense core of molten rock and metal. Its bluish color is due to the presence of methane in its upper atmosphere. Also like Saturn and Jupiter, Uranus has rings. However Uranus' rings are over three orders of magnitude dimmer than Saturn's; where Saturn's rings are almost white, Uranus' rings are more like the color of charcoal. Uranus 'rings are so dim that they went undetected from 1781, when the English astronomer William Herschel first observed Uranus through a telescope, until 1977 when astronomers watched as a star passing behind Uranus appeared to blink several times, caused by the ten rings surrounding the planet. One bizarre aspect of Uranus is that its axis of rotatio

Uranus - Illustration - The planet Uranus and its system of rings. This image suggests how Uranus might look from a position in space several hundred thousand miles above its south pole. Like Saturn and Jupiter, Uranus is a Gas Giant, composed primarily of hydrogen and helium gases surrounding a relatively small, dense core of molten rock and metal. Its bluish color is due to the presence of methane in its upper atmosphere. Also like Saturn and Jupiter, Uranus has rings. However Uranus' rings are over three orders of magnitude dimmer than Saturn's; where Saturn's rings are almost white, Uranus' rings are more like the color of charcoal. Uranus 'rings are so dim that they went undetected from 1781, when the English astronomer William Herschel first observed Uranus through a telescope, until 1977 when astronomers watched as a star passing behind Uranus appeared to blink several times, caused by the ten rings surrounding the planet. One bizarre aspect of Uranus is that its axis of rotatio

Walter B Myers

PIX4634800

Neptune and Triton - Illustration - Neptune from Triton orbit - Neptune and its Triton satellite (foreground). Looking like an over - ripe cantaloupe, Neptune's satellite Triton is in the foreground while Neptune itself looms on the upper right. At a distance of 220 thousand miles, Triton is about the same distance from Neptune as the moon is from the Earth. A frozen world that's somewhat smaller than the moon, Triton is the seventh and largest of Neptune's satellites, completing an orbit every six days. Triton is believed to be composed primarily of rock and water ice with traces of methane and other compounds

Neptune and Triton - Illustration - Neptune from Triton orbit - Neptune and its Triton satellite (foreground). Looking like an over - ripe cantaloupe, Neptune's satellite Triton is in the foreground while Neptune itself looms on the upper right. At a distance of 220 thousand miles, Triton is about the same distance from Neptune as the moon is from the Earth. A frozen world that's somewhat smaller than the moon, Triton is the seventh and largest of Neptune's satellites, completing an orbit every six days. Triton is believed to be composed primarily of rock and water ice with traces of methane and other compounds

Walter B Myers

PIX4624052

Ice Volcano on Triton - Illustration - Ice volcano on Triton - Cryovolcanoes and geysers of nitrogen and methane have been observed on the surface of the Triton satellite. There is evidence that the south pole of Neptune's satellite Triton is host to dozens of ice volcanoes, or geysers. One such eruption was observed to shoot a towering jet of material to a height of five miles, while the tenuous nitrogen atmosphere carried the smoky plume over 80 miles “” downwind.” The eruptive material is believed to be a combination of liquid nitrogen, dust, and methane compounds driven by seasonal heating from the Sun

Ice Volcano on Triton - Illustration - Ice volcano on Triton - Cryovolcanoes and geysers of nitrogen and methane have been observed on the surface of the Triton satellite. There is evidence that the south pole of Neptune's satellite Triton is host to dozens of ice volcanoes, or geysers. One such eruption was observed to shoot a towering jet of material to a height of five miles, while the tenuous nitrogen atmosphere carried the smoky plume over 80 miles “” downwind.” The eruptive material is believed to be a combination of liquid nitrogen, dust, and methane compounds driven by seasonal heating from the Sun

Walter B Myers

PIX4624061

Neptune from Triton - Illustration - Triton's shadow on Neptune - Neptune seen from the icy surface of his Triton satellite. The satellite projects its shadow on the Giant Planet. A full Neptune washes Triton's frozen surface with an indigo light, the only source of illumination on this now Triton's dark side. Fortuitous alignment of the Sun, Triton and Neptune causes this satellite's shadow to fall on Neptune's distant cloud tops 220 thousand miles away. This view is from within a deep, crater - like depression on Triton's northern hemisphere

Neptune from Triton - Illustration - Triton's shadow on Neptune - Neptune seen from the icy surface of his Triton satellite. The satellite projects its shadow on the Giant Planet. A full Neptune washes Triton's frozen surface with an indigo light, the only source of illumination on this now Triton's dark side. Fortuitous alignment of the Sun, Triton and Neptune causes this satellite's shadow to fall on Neptune's distant cloud tops 220 thousand miles away. This view is from within a deep, crater - like depression on Triton's northern hemisphere

Walter B Myers

PIX4624072

En route to the Moon - Illustration - Moonward bound - An astronaut looks at Earth before returning to his ship to begin his descent to the Moon. A soon-to-be lunar explorer takes a last look at Earth before entering orbit around the moon. At this point in the journey, the moon nearly fills the field of view at a distance of only 3,000 miles. Closing at a speed of 25,000 mph, the explorer will need to return to the airlock soon if she is to be safely inside before the thrusters file, slowing the tug/lunar lander combination down to an orbital velocity

En route to the Moon - Illustration - Moonward bound - An astronaut looks at Earth before returning to his ship to begin his descent to the Moon. A soon-to-be lunar explorer takes a last look at Earth before entering orbit around the moon. At this point in the journey, the moon nearly fills the field of view at a distance of only 3,000 miles. Closing at a speed of 25,000 mph, the explorer will need to return to the airlock soon if she is to be safely inside before the thrusters file, slowing the tug/lunar lander combination down to an orbital velocity

Walter B Myers

PIX4638857

Back to the Moon: MPCV module - Artist view - The MPCV spacecraft in space - The Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle (MPCV) above Earth. This capsule should be able to take a crew of six astronauts to the moon and could be used to take men to Mars. The Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle (MPCV) is a spacecraft project currently being developed by Lockheed Martin for NASA. Based on specifications and tests already performed for the Orion spacecraft. It was announced by NASA on 24 May 2011. The next generation Deep Space Vehicle (DSV) may be flying within the next decade. Like the Apollo Command/Service Modules which last flew in 1973, the DSV will be a crewed spacecraft capable of independently navigating beyond Earth orbit to the Moon and beyond

Back to the Moon: MPCV module - Artist view - The MPCV spacecraft in space - The Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle (MPCV) above Earth. This capsule should be able to take a crew of six astronauts to the moon and could be used to take men to Mars. The Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle (MPCV) is a spacecraft project currently being developed by Lockheed Martin for NASA. Based on specifications and tests already performed for the Orion spacecraft. It was announced by NASA on 24 May 2011. The next generation Deep Space Vehicle (DSV) may be flying within the next decade. Like the Apollo Command/Service Modules which last flew in 1973, the DSV will be a crewed spacecraft capable of independently navigating beyond Earth orbit to the Moon and beyond

Walter B Myers

PIX4639038

Space exploration: MPCV module - Artist view - The MPCV spacecraft in space - The Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle (MPCV) above Earth. This capsule should be able to take a crew of six astronauts to an asteroid, the Moon or to take men to Mars. Here, the vehcule is connected to an additional housing module for a duration of more than three months, as well as to a module for extravehicular outputs. The Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle (MPCV) is a spacecraft project currently being developed by Lockheed Martin for NASA. Based on specifications and tests already performed for the Orion spacecraft. It was announced by NASA on 24 May 2011. An additional option for the Deep Space Vehicle (DSV) could be a module that attaches to the bow of the Extended Stay Module (ESM) and supports one or more Manned Maneuvering Vehicles (MMVs). An MMV would be a kind of hybrid between a space suit and small spacecraft permitting a single astronaut to maneuver independently of the DSV in the microgravity of orbit, deep space or near the surface of a small asteroid. The MMV would feature robotic arms controlled by the astronaut for collecting samples and deploying sensors. The MMV also offers the astronaut a panoramic view via a large spherical glass “” helmet”” (here covered to protect against micrometeorites during transit) — Space exploration: MPCV module - Artist view - The MPCV spacecraft in space - The Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle (MPCV) above Earth. This capsule should be able to take a crew of six astronauts to an asteroid, the Moon or to take men to Mars. Here, the vehcule is connected to an additional housing module for a duration of more than three months, as well as to a module for extravehicular outputs. The Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle (MPCV) is a spacecraft project currently being developed by Lockheed Martin for NASA. Based on specifications and tests already performed for the Orion spacecraft. It was announced by NASA on 24 May 2011. An additional option for the Deep Space Vehicle (DSV) could be a module that attaches to the bow of the Extended Stay Module (ESM) and supports one or more Manned Maneuvering Vehicles (MMVs). An MMV would be a kind of hybrid between a space suit and small spacecraft permitting a single astronaut to maneuver independently of the DSV in the microgravity of orbit, deep

Space exploration: MPCV module - Artist view - The MPCV spacecraft in space - The Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle (MPCV) above Earth. This capsule should be able to take a crew of six astronauts to an asteroid, the Moon or to take men to Mars. Here, the vehcule is connected to an additional housing module for a duration of more than three months, as well as to a module for extravehicular outputs. The Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle (MPCV) is a spacecraft project currently being developed by Lockheed Martin for NASA. Based on specifications and tests already performed for the Orion spacecraft. It was announced by NASA on 24 May 2011. An additional option for the Deep Space Vehicle (DSV) could be a module that attaches to the bow of the Extended Stay Module (ESM) and supports one or more Manned Maneuvering Vehicles (MMVs). An MMV would be a kind of hybrid between a space suit and small spacecraft permitting a single astronaut to maneuver independently of the DSV in the microgravity of orbit, deep

Walter B Myers

PIX4639061

Space exploration: the MPCV module - Artist's view - The MPCV spacecraft in space - The Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle (MPCV) in space. This capsule should be able to take a crew of six astronauts to an asteroid, the Moon or to take men to Mars. Here, the vehicle is connected to an additional housing module for a duration of more than three months. The Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle (MPCV) is a spacecraft project currently being developed by Lockheed Martin for NASA. Based on specifications and tests already performed for the Orion spacecraft. It was announced by NASA on 24 May 2011. For even longer missions the Deep Space Vehicle (DSV) could be mated with an Extended Stay Module (ESM). The ESM would offer additional life support and accommodations for a crew of three or four for deep space missions lasting 90 days or longer

Space exploration: the MPCV module - Artist's view - The MPCV spacecraft in space - The Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle (MPCV) in space. This capsule should be able to take a crew of six astronauts to an asteroid, the Moon or to take men to Mars. Here, the vehicle is connected to an additional housing module for a duration of more than three months. The Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle (MPCV) is a spacecraft project currently being developed by Lockheed Martin for NASA. Based on specifications and tests already performed for the Orion spacecraft. It was announced by NASA on 24 May 2011. For even longer missions the Deep Space Vehicle (DSV) could be mated with an Extended Stay Module (ESM). The ESM would offer additional life support and accommodations for a crew of three or four for deep space missions lasting 90 days or longer

Walter B Myers

PIX4639082

Space exploration: Soyuz spacecraft - Artist's view - Soyuz deep space explorer bow - A spaceship inhabits Soyuz TMA-M increases by a housing module for three astronauts and a rocket top floor, leaving Earth orbit for a distant space exploration mission. A manned Soyuz TMA-M spacecraft docked with a three-person extended stay module begins to leave Earth orbit with the aid of a Russian-made upper stage booster rocket. This view is from behind the service module of the Soyuz spacecraft which would be the leading end of the assembly when the upper stage booster rocket is fired

Space exploration: Soyuz spacecraft - Artist's view - Soyuz deep space explorer bow - A spaceship inhabits Soyuz TMA-M increases by a housing module for three astronauts and a rocket top floor, leaving Earth orbit for a distant space exploration mission. A manned Soyuz TMA-M spacecraft docked with a three-person extended stay module begins to leave Earth orbit with the aid of a Russian-made upper stage booster rocket. This view is from behind the service module of the Soyuz spacecraft which would be the leading end of the assembly when the upper stage booster rocket is fired

Walter B Myers

PIX4639159

Mission to Phobos - Appointment in Earth orbit - Phobos mission rendezvous in Earth orbit - An Orion-type space capsule (left), with three astronauts on board, joins a launcher in Earth orbit to reach Phobos, one of Mars's satellites. An Orion class command module, lower left, with a crew of three approaches an awaiting rocket already in Earth orbit. The rocket and command module are destined for Mars' moon Phobos

Mission to Phobos - Appointment in Earth orbit - Phobos mission rendezvous in Earth orbit - An Orion-type space capsule (left), with three astronauts on board, joins a launcher in Earth orbit to reach Phobos, one of Mars's satellites. An Orion class command module, lower left, with a crew of three approaches an awaiting rocket already in Earth orbit. The rocket and command module are destined for Mars' moon Phobos

Walter B Myers

PIX4639605

Mission to Phobos - Phobos mission rocket releases spent propellant stage - The spaceship en route to Phobos, one of Mars's satellites, separates from the floor that contained the fuel used. Once the Phobos mission rocket acquires enough velocity to place it into a Mars-intercepting orbit it releases the empty propellant stage. This reduces the amount of mass that must be braked seven months down the line in order to enter a stable Mars orbit

Mission to Phobos - Phobos mission rocket releases spent propellant stage - The spaceship en route to Phobos, one of Mars's satellites, separates from the floor that contained the fuel used. Once the Phobos mission rocket acquires enough velocity to place it into a Mars-intercepting orbit it releases the empty propellant stage. This reduces the amount of mass that must be braked seven months down the line in order to enter a stable Mars orbit

Walter B Myers

PIX4639626

Phobos mission approaching Phobos - The control module in approach to the Phobos satellite. The command module, now free of the larger Phobos mission rocket, begins a close approach to Phobos. With an average diameter of less than 12 miles, irregularly shaped Phobos has a very weak gravitational field making it relatively easy for the command module to come very close without being drawn all the way to its surface. The goal is to come close enough to permit space-suited astrogeologists equipped with personal manned maneuvering units (MMUS) to act as mini-spaceships themselves and descend to the surface. On the surface of Mars to the right can be seen Elysium Planitia and the volcano Albor Tholus

Phobos mission approaching Phobos - The control module in approach to the Phobos satellite. The command module, now free of the larger Phobos mission rocket, begins a close approach to Phobos. With an average diameter of less than 12 miles, irregularly shaped Phobos has a very weak gravitational field making it relatively easy for the command module to come very close without being drawn all the way to its surface. The goal is to come close enough to permit space-suited astrogeologists equipped with personal manned maneuvering units (MMUS) to act as mini-spaceships themselves and descend to the surface. On the surface of Mars to the right can be seen Elysium Planitia and the volcano Albor Tholus

Walter B Myers

PIX4639650

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