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History Of The Earth' 图片和/或视频结果 page 1 of 32

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Neanderthal man - Neanderthal man - Group of Neanderthal men (Homo neanderthalensis) hunting. The Neanderthals lived in Europe and Western Asia in the Middle Paleolithic, between about 250,000 and 28,000 years BC. A tribe of Neanderthal men (Homo neanderthalensis) hunting. This hominid inhabited Europe and parts of western Asia between 250,000 and 28,000 years ago
Ardipithecus ramidus - Reconstitution of Ardipithecus ramidus, a species faint from the order of Primates and probably from the family Hominides. He lived about 4.4 million years ago at the lower Pliocene. Portrait of a Ardipithecus ramidus. This restoration, based on the newly described Ethiopian specimen nicknamed “” Ardi””, illustrates a basal hominid that resides near the common ancestor of apes and humans. It lived about 4.4 million years ago during the early Pliocene
Ardipithecus ramidus - Reconstitution of Ardipithecus ramidus, a species faint from the order of Primates and probably from the family Hominides. He lived about 4.4 million years ago at the lower Pliocene. Portrait of a Ardipithecus ramidus. This restoration, based on the newly described Ethiopian specimen nicknamed “” Ardi””, illustrates a basal hominid that resides near the common ancestor of apes and humans. It lived about 4.4 million years ago during the early Pliocene
Earth at the end of Permian - Ring arcs over the Permian Earth - A ring of rocks and dust is orbiting the Earth. The massive continent below is Pangee and the ocean to the west is Panthalassa. This is what Earth was supposed to look like at the end of Permian, about 260 million years ago, before the first dinosaurs appeared. This ring around the Earth was of earthly origin, constitutes debris thrown into orbit by collision with a meteorite or comet. Over time, these debris have either fallen or fallen back to Earth in a meteorite rain. A dusty ring arc orbits four thousand miles above Earth's equator. The massive continent below is Pangea and the ocean to the west is Panthalassa. This is how the Earth may have appeared during the end of the Permian period, a time just prior to the appearance of the dinosaurs, when continental drift was pulling Pangea apart into the seven continents we know today. 260 million years ago the Earth may have been host to ring arcs similar to the incomplete rings that currently circumscribe the planet Neptune. Unlike Neptune's rings, the ring arcs around the Earth were of terrestrial origin, debris thrown into orbit by a collision with a large meteorite or comet. The debris consisted of tiny pebbles that were once molten droplets of ejecta, long since cooled in the vacuum of space. The orbit of the ring arc would eventually decay, returning the debris back to Earth as a shower of meteorites. This debris is found on Earth's surface today in the form of dark, glassy objects known as tektites
Neanderthal meets Homo Sapiens - Neanderthal meets Homo Sapiens - A Neanderthal woman (Homo neanderthalensis), on the left, meets a Homo Sapiens. The two species probably crossed when Homo Sapiens arrived in Europe 42,000 years ago. A Neanderthal woman (Homo neanderthalensis), to the left, meets an Homo Sapiens. Both have probably met when Homo Sapiens arrived in Europe 42,000 years ago
Earth 200 million years ago - Artist's view - Early Jurassic Earth - Earth seen at the beginning of the Jurassic, about 200 million years ago. The western hemisphere is representative, the north is up. The Pangee has just split, forming Laurasia to the north and Gondwana to the south. This is how the western hemisphere of the Earth may have appeared 200 million years ago during the Early Jurassic period. North is at the top. During this period continental drift, driven by the massive forces of plate tectonics, had just begun to break the supercontinent of Pangea into Laurasia in the north and Gondwana in the south. In this image the nascent North American continent has just broken away from North Africa while South America and the rest of Africa remain joined as Gondwana. To the west in the global Panthalassa ocean are strips of land corresponding to the Wrangellia Terrane which later merged with western North America
Futalongkosaurus - Futalongkosaurus dukei, is a titanosaur whose first representative was described in 2007. His fossils were found in Argentina. This herbivorous dinosaur was 32 to 34 metres long, weighed nearly 8 tonnes, and lived about 87 million years ago. The recently described titanosaurid, Futalognkosaurus dukei, has the most complete skeleton known (all cervical and dorsal vertebrae and hip bones) for a sauropod of its enormous size (estimated at around 34 m), and was recovered from Argentinian Coniacian Cretaceous deposits that also yielded a wealth of other contemporaneous plant and animal fossils
The disappearance of dinosaurs - Artist view - Tylosaur and KT Event - Artist view - Impact of the asteroid responsible for the disappearance of dinosaurs about 65 million years ago. In the foreground, a tylosaurus, a large carnivorous marine lezard. The very end of the Mesozoic is marked by evidence of a devastating asteroid impact 65 million years ago, which is termed the KT event, referring to the Cretaceous (K) -Tertiary (T) transition. This impact likely contributed to the demise of the dinosaurs, although recent findings call into question how decisive the blow actually was. In this image, a huge tylosaur, a relative of today's varanid lizards such as the Komodo dragon, faces its last few minutes of existence in a Texas lagoon. Over the horizon looms the rising ejecta from the KT impact, which occurred in what is today the Yucatan
Ichthyosaurus - Ichthyosaurus (fish body lezard) is a marine reptile living from the early Jurassic in Lower Cretace. Ichthyosaurus is an extinct genus of ichthyosaur from the Early Jurassic
Psittacosaurus and pond - The psittacosaur (Psittacosaurus) is a ceratopsian dinosaur from the early Cretace that lived in Asia about 130 to 100 million years ago. A Jurassic Psittacosaurus prepares to dine on a scrubland cycad 130 million years ago in what is today central Asia. Psittacosaurus was one of the earliest known ceratopsians, a family of horned, frilled dinosaurs that includes the better known Triceratops. Psittacosaurus was about 3 to 6 feet long and weighed 50 to 175 pounds, depending on species. At least one species had long, quill-like structures on its tail and lower back. With a parrot-like beak it is believed that Psittacosaurus was a plant-eater
The First Trees on Earth - Artist View - First Trees - Artist view - 385 million years ago, in the upper Devonian, the first trees began to appear on Earth. In this illustration, the archaeopteris, considered the first tree, is present at different stages of its evolution, with on the left a young specimen of 6 metres, in the centre a tree twice as large, on the right, an even older specimen. At the extreme right, a strain of an old Archaeopteris collapse. 385 million years ago, near the end of the Devonian period, the first trees began to populate the Earth. Considered the first modern trees, the Archaeopteris were a part of the Earth's primitive forests for the next 25 million years. Unlike the trees we know today, Archaeopteris was in fact a primitive fern that reproduced by means of spores instead of seeds. While terrestrial plants had been around for 130 million years prior to Archaeopteris, this was the first plant to solve the biomechanical challenges of supporting and nurturing ever larger sizes, enabling these Archaeopteris to grow to heights of 70 feet and more, over twice the height of the Calamites. In this image, four stages of the life of the Archaeopteris are illustrated. On the far left nearest our vantage point is a young, 20 - foot Archaeopteris, and in the center at twice that height is a medium - aged Archaeopteris, and on the right is a fully mature specimen. Furthest right is the collapsed and decaying trunk of a mature tree, a contribution the biomassy that will eventually become the oil, coal and natural gas we exploit today
Arthropleura - An arthropleura crawls among ferns in a carboniferous forest 310 million years ago. The Arthropleura is considered to be the largest arthropod of all times measuring 2-3 metres in length. He is a distant relative of arthropods such as a thousand-legged. A four foot long Arthropleura crawls amidst seed ferns from the genus Neuropteris in a Carboniferous forest 310 million years ago in what is today Scotland. Growing up to 8 feet long and 18 inches wide, Arthropleura was the largest known terrestrial arthropod of all time. A combination of a higher percentage of atmospheric oxygen and relatively few terrestrial predators may have enabled Arthropleura to evolve to such an enormous size. Despite its fierce appearance, Arthropleura is currently believed to have been a vegetarian. In the shadows on the upper right are “” roachoids,””” primitive ancestors of modern cockroaches
Man of Neanderthal - Neanderthal man - Scene of daily life of a group of Neanderthalians (Homo neanderthalensis). The Neanderthal Man lived in Europe and Western Asia in Middle Paleolithic, between about 250,000 and 28,000 years BC. Everyday life of Neanderthal men (Homo neanderthalensis). This hominid inhabited Europe and parts of western Asia between 250,000 and 28,000 years ago
Neanderthal man - Neanderthal man - Reconstitution of the face of the Neanderthal man (Homo neanderthalensis). The Neanderthals lived in Europe and Western Asia in the Middle Paleolithic, between about 250,000 and 28,000 years BC. Portrait of a Neanderthal man (Homo neanderthalensis). This hominid inhabited Europe and parts of western Asia between 250,000 and 28,000 years ago
Ichthyostega - Devonian tetrapods - View of atist depicting two Ichthyostega, tetrapods, 385 million years ago, to the upper Devonian. Half-fish, half-terrestrial animal, the Ichthyostega was about 1 metre long. Between them are represented in the water several trilobites and in the background a Bothriolepis. The vegetation consists mainly of ferns and archaeopteris, considered the first trees. A pair of four - limbed, Upper Devonian vertebrate animals of the genus Ichthyostega confront one another 365 million years ago at the edge of a freshwater pond. Basically half fish, half land animal, these tetrapods are each about three feet long. Between them in the water are several marine arthropods known as trilobites. Further beyond in the water is a 12 inch long Bothriolepis. Most of the plant life is varieties of fern, including the tall trees known as Archaeopteris
Brachylophosaurus - A group of Brachylophosaurus canadensis is attacked by a Daspletosaurus torosus. In the sky, a couple of pterosaurs (azhdarchidae) observe the scene. Montana, USA, 77 million years ago. In a 77-million-year-old wetland in Montana, the individual of Brachylophosaurus canadensis called “” Leonardo”” (far right) bellows a call, warning his herd of an ambush by a Daspletosaurus torosus (background, left). A pair of azhdarchid pterosaurs survey the scene aerially while a Basilemys tutle observes from the water in the foreground
The Earth 650 million years ago - Artist's view - Snowball Earth - The Earth seen in a period of glaciation (Varanger glaciation), about 650 to 630 million years ago. This is how the Earth may have appeared about 650 million years ago during a period when snow and ice may have covered most, if not all, of the Earth's surface and oceans. This image suggests the Earth's appearance during the Marinoan glaciation from 650 to 630 million years ago. The southern and eastern hemispheres are dominated by glacier - covered land masses while the opposing hemisphere is frozen ocean save for a few areas of exposed liquid water, AKA refugia for the Earth's surviving soft - bodied multicellular organisms. In addition to the Marinoan glaciation there may have been at least two, and possibly three previous Proterozoic glacial periods going back to two billion years ago. The causes of these snowball periods are unknown but may have been due to massive volcanic eruptions, massive meteoritic impacts (both resulting in global sun - reflecting ash clouds), or variance's in the Earth's orbit
The Earth 600 million years ago - Artist's view - Ediacaran Earth - The Earth seen about 600 million years ago after an important period of glaciation. This is how the Earth may have appeared 600 million years ago following the Cryogenian “” Snowball Earth”” period. The worldwide glaciers have melted and the ocean is largely liquid again. During this, the Ediacaran period, it is hypothesized that all of the Earth's landmasses had merged into a single supercontinent known as Pannotia, also known as the Vendian supercontinent. Surrounding this massive landmass is the vast Panthalassic Ocean, also known as Panthalassa. While the ocean was home to a variety of evolving multicellular life forms including the ubiquitous Dickinsonia costata, it is not believed that life had moved to dry land with possible exception of bacteria and other microbial colonies
Acrocanthosaurus and Sauroposeidons - Acrocanthosaurus and Sauroposeidons - View of an Acrocanthosaurus (Acrocanthosaurus atokensis) with a group of Sauroposeidons (Sauroposeidon proteles) in the distance. On the left, a coniferous drill (Frenelopsis ramosissima). The huge carnivorous dinosaur Acrocanthosaurus atokensis emerges from a stand of conifers (Frenelopsis ramosissima) onto a wide flood plain near the eastern coast of the Western Interior Seaway (an extension of the Atlantic that ran through the middle of North America in the Cretaceous period) to stalk a trio of Oklahoma's gigantic sauropods (Sauropods) On proteles). Acrocanthosaurus atokensis was recently declared the state dinosaur of Oklahoma
The stages of Earth formation - Artist view - Earth formation - Artist view - The Earth was formed 4.5 billion years ago from a gigantic cloud of gas and dust. From microscopic grains, planetesimal form, clash and agglomerate to form our planet; it was then subjected to a large bombardment of meteorites bringing a significant share of the water to Earth. Earth formed 4.54 billion years ago from a large protoplanetary disk accreting. The proto earth was bombarded by planetoids heating the newly formed planet
Late Cretaceous Fauna - Late Cretaceous Fauna - Late Cretaceous Fauna. Two Brachylophosaurus canadensis, on the left, graze among magnolias, while in the distance pass a couple of Albertaceratops nesmoi. Lower left is a turtle (Aspideretoides). Montana during the late Cretaceous. A pair of Brachylophosaurus canadensis forage among Magnolia bushes while a couple of Albertaceratops nesmoi soak up the morning rays in the distance. An Aspideretoides turtle hides in the reeds in the foreground
Western Inner Seaway - Artist's View - The Western Interior Seaway - The Western Interior Seaway (or North American Inner Sea) seen about 75 million years ago. This sea divided the North American continent into two continents, Laramidia in the west and Appalachia in the east. This is how the Western Interior Seaway may have appeared 75 million years ago from Earth orbit. This large inland sea once divided the North American continent into two landmasses, Laramidia to the west and Appalachia to the east. Branching toward the northeast is the Hudson Seaway and to the north on the horizon are the liquid polar waters of the Labrador Seaway. At less than one - fifth the size of present day North America, the island continent of Laramidia extended from present - day Mexico to Alaska and was home to tyrannosaurs, dromaeosaurids, troodontids, hadrosaurs, ceratopsians, pachycephalosaurs, and titanosaur sauropods. The dinosaurs of Appalachia are less - understood as much of the fossil evidence was destroyed by the glaciers that alternately descended from the north and retreated starting 2.5 million years ago
Woolly Mammoth and African Elephant - Comparison - Woolly Mammoth & African Elephant compared - An adult woolly mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius) that lived 150,000 years ago is compared to an adult African elephant (Loxodonta) today. The woolly mammoth was 3.3 metres tall to the shoulder and weighed 5 tonnes, while the African elephant was 3.3 metres tall to the shoulder and weighed 4.5 tonnes. An adult Woolly Mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius) from 150 thousand years ago is compared to a modern adult African Elephant (genus Loxodonta). The Woolly Mammoth is 11 feet tall at the shoulder and weighs 11,000 pounds, while the African Elephant is 11 feet tall at the shoulder and weighs 10,000 pounds
Microraptor - Microraptor was a genus of small dromaeosaurid living in the lower cretace between 130 and 120 million years. A feathered Microraptor alights atop a tree fern 120 million years ago in what is today Liaoning, China. Like the older Archaeopteryx, Microraptor was about size of a modern European Magpie and is one of smallest dinosaurs ever discovered. Microraptor's entire body was covered with feathers including a broad stabilizing tail and elongated feathers for flying on both its arms and legs, leading to its classification as a four-winged dromaeosaur
Euoplocephalus - Euoplocephalus tutus was a herbivorous dinosaur who lived in Cretace between 85 and 65 million years BC. 7 m long and a weight of 2 tonnes, it was characteristic of the ankylosaurid family. Euoplocephalus tutus was an ankylosaurid -lenght 6m, weight around 2 tons, first ankylosaurid discovered with armored shutters that it could slide down to cover its eyelids -lived between 85 and 65 million years ago, in the Campanian- Maastrichtian age of the late Cretaceous -long tail and heavy club would have made a serious herensive weapon -was an bivore - brain was relatively small and intelligence was low among the dinosaurs -Over 40 fossils have been found in Alberta, Canada and Montana, USA
Brachiosaurus - View of a Brachiosaur (Brachiosaurus Branchai) one of the largest known dinosaurs. Brachiosaurus (Brahiosaurus Branchai) was one of the tallest dinosaurs
Clidastes - Clidastes liodontus is a small mosasauridae of a few meters living in the cretace. Clidastes liodontus is an extinct genus of mosasaur lizard of the Late Cretaceous
Nothosaurus - A nothosaurus mirabilis tries to catch a fish (saurichthys). The genus Nothosaurus, meaning mixed lezard, belongs to the family Nothosaurides (Sauropterygia), who lived in the Triassic from -240 to -210 million years. The amphibious Triassic reptile Nothosaurus mirabilis gathers itself to launch after the fish Saurichthys on a shore of what is now Germany. Nothosaurus mirabilis is an extinct genus of sauropterygian reptile from the Triassic period, approximately 240-210 million years ago, with fossils being distributed from North Africa and Europe to China. It is the best known member of the nothosaur order. Its name means False lizard
Paraceratherium and child - Paraceratherium and child - A female Paraceratherium and her little seen 30 million years ago in northwestern China. The Paraceratherium was a gigantic terrestrial mammal nearly six metres high and weighing 20 tons. Apparently to modern Rhinoceros, it disappeared 23 million years ago. A Paraceratherium mother grazes on leaves and twigs of a poplar tree 30 million years ago during the Rupelian Stage of the Oligocene Epoch in northwest China. Paraceratherium is believed to be the largest mammal ever to have walked the Earth. Adult Paraceratherium are estimated to have been 18 ft tall at the shoulder with a maximum raised head height of 26 ft. They may have weighed as much as 20 tons. Related to modern rhinoceroses, Paraceratherium became extinct about 23 million years ago
Shonisaure - Shonisaurus - A 30-ton Shonisaurus (Shonisaurus) about to devour some belemnites.
Spinosaur - Spinosaurus - Spinosaur is a theropod dinosaur that lived in what is now Egypt during the cretacious period 95 to 93 million years ago. It was probably the largest carnivorous dinosaurs. An eight ton Spinosaurus searches for its next meal 95 million years ago in shallow waters of what is today Egypt. With a massive crocodile-like head and enormous muscular body, this terrifying carnivore was larger than the Early Cretaceous Suchomimus and may have been mightier even than the famous Tyrannosaurus Rex of approximately the same period
Dimetrodon among Alethopteris - Dimetrodon among Alethopteris - Artist's view of a dimetrodon among seed ferns (Alethopteris). Dimetrodon is a mammalian reptile (Therapside), carnivore living in Permian. Dimetrodon was the apex predator of its time and likely had few enemies save for other Dimetrodon. They came as large as 11 feet long, 4 feet tall, and weighing as much as 300 pounds. Their reptilian hide, a relative novelty for that period, ensured their survival out of water. The large sail may have helped them to regulate body temperature, a survival advantage during the extremes of hot and cold during the Early Permian. Given that Dimetrodon is more closely related to mammals than dinosaurs, it could be that our own body's ability to regulate temperature had its origin in this ancient beast. Alethopteris was a seed fern that populated much of the world during the Carboniferous and Early Permian periods. Long extinct, fossilized leaves from the Alethopteris are commonly found today
Cretaceous marine predators - Cretaceous marine predators - Artist's view of three marine predators evoluting in the Sea of Niobrara, the inner sea of North America, 75 million years ago. From left to right there is an invertebra pursued by a 1.2 metre Enchodus, followed by a 5 metre Dolichorhynchops followed by an 18 metre Mosasaurus. Three primary marine predators that shared the ocean waters of the Western Interior Seaway of North America 75 million years ago are illustrated here. Left to right is a non-descript invertebrate pursued by a 4 foot long Enchodus, followed by a 17 foot long Dolichorhynchops, followed by a 55 foot long Mosasaur
Carboniferous forest canopy - Artist's view of a forest 350 million years ago in North America. Lepidodendron aculeatum, Sigillaria scutellata and Cycadales are represented. This is how a Carboniferous forest of Midwestern North America 350 million years ago may have appeared from ground level looking up towards the sky. This image features vascular, arborescent (tree - like) plants of the species Lepidodendron aculeatum (resembling feather dusters on long sticks), spore - bearing, arborescent plants of the species Sigillaria scutellata (resembling toilet bowl brushes), and pinnate - leafed seed plants of the order Cycadales. Some Lepidodendron grew as tall as 150 feet
Dunkleosteus and Cladoselache - Dunkleosteus and Cladoselache - A Dunkleosteus approaches a Cladoselache, the ancestor of sharks. Dunkleosteus, formerly called Dinichthys, is a large fossil placoderm. He lived in the Upper Devonian, between 415 and 360 million years. The largest representatives of the genus were approximately 8-10 m long and weighed around 5 tonnes. These fish were probably the greatest marine predators of their time. In a Devonian lagoon, the giant placoderm fish, Dunkleosteus, drifts towards the early shark, Cladoselache
Archaeopteryx - Archaeopteryx defending - An Archaeopteryx (or Archeopteryx) defends its territory on the shores of the Tethys Ocean 150 million years ago in what is today southern Germany. The Archeopteryx is a dinosaur and is considered the oldest known bird. A feathered Archaeopteryx protects its territory 150 million years ago in what is today southern Germany. About the size of a modern European Magpie, Archaeopteryx is the earliest known example of a fully feathered dinosaur. Despite its resemblance to birds, Archaeopteryx has more in common with small dinosaurs, especially in regard to its clawed arms and tiny teeth. The highly evolved feathers may have permitted Archaeopteryx to glide short distances, however it's unlikely Archaeopteryx could fly like a bird. During the late Jurassic Europe was a dry, tropical archipelago. In this image Archaeopteryx is depicted near the shore of the Tethys Sea
India 70 million years ago - Artist's view - Late Cretaceous India - India seen in the upper cretace about 70 million years ago. The north is upstairs. To the west, Madagascar separates from India. This is how the Indian subcontinent may have appeared 70 million years ago during the Late Cretaceous period. Looking north, immediately to India's west is the island continent of Madagascar and further west is the eastern coast of southern Africa. In the distant past India and Madagascar formed a single continent, however India was part of a separate tectonic plate that subsequently began to drift northward. This northward motion (covering about 8 inches per year making it among the fastest on the Earth's lithosphere) split India from Madagascar and carried it north across the Tethys Ocean until it collided with Eurasia about 50 to 35 million years ago. This collision between the Indian and Eurasian plates joined India to South Asia and created the Tibetan Plateau and the Himalaya Mountains, a process which is still evolving to this day
Diabloceratops and White Rhinoceros - Comparison - Diabloceratops & White Rhinoceros compared - An adult Diabloceratops who lived 70 million years ago is compared to today's adult White Rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum). The Diabloceratops was 2.5 metres high at the withers and weighed 3.6 tonnes, while the white rhinoceros was 1.8 metres high at the withers and weighed 3.2 tonnes. An adult Diabloceratops from 70 million years ago is compared to a modern adult White Rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum). The Diabloceratops is a little over 8 feet tall at the shoulder and weighs 8,000 pounds*, while the White Rhinoceros is 6 feet tall at the shoulder and weighs 7,000 pounds.* Values are estimates only based upon available paleontological data
Landscape of the Devonian - Calamites & Asteroxylon - Landscape of the early Devonian, about 390 million years ago, with calamites and asteroxylon (in the foreground). This is how a forest of Calamites and Asteroxylon may have appeared just about anywhere on the Earth 390 million years ago. The Calamites are the slender “” Christmas tree””” shaped plants. They grew as tall as many of today's conifers, though they are the ancient ancestors of the much smaller modern horsetails. The snake - like curlicue plants in the foreground are the now - extinct Asteroxylon, which emerged at the beginning of the Devonian period about 417 million years ago
Earth 90 million years ago - Artist's view - Late Cretaceous Earth - Earth seen in the upper cretace, about 90 million years ago. This is how the western hemisphere of the Earth may have appeared 90 million years ago during the Late Cretaceous period. During this period continental drift, driven by the massive forces of plate tectonics, had broken the supercontinent of Pangea into Laurasia in the north and Gondwana in the south. With a climate much warmer than today's there were no frozen polar caps and the resulting high ocean levels submerged a third of today's landmasses under warm shallow seas creating numerous waterways and “” island””” continents. In this image much of the incipient North American continent is divided by the Western Interior Seaway, the Isthmus of Panama is submerged by the Proto - Caribbean Sea, and the Pacific Ocean is making an incursion into South America
Late Cretaceous Fauna - Late Cretaceous Fauna - Late Cretaceous Fauna surrounded by Metasequoias. From left to right: Gorgosaurus libratus, Edmontonia longiceps, Brachylophosaurus canadensis, Stegoceras validum, Styracosaurus albertensis and Chasmosaurus belli. This landscape depicts a metasequoia-dominated forest in Montana during the Campanian of the late Cretaceous. Gathering in a clearing are (left to right) Gorgosaurus libratus, Edmontonia longiceps, Brachylophosaurus canadensis, Stegoceras validum, Styracosaurus albertensis and Chasmosaurus belli
Isisaurus Colberti - A couple of Isisaurus Colberti move in a plain of what is now Central India. These herbivorous dinosaurs lived 70 million years ago, were 20 metres long and weighed 15 tons. Isisaurus Colberti was previously named Titanosaurus colberti. A pair of massive Isisaurus colberti wander lush plains 70 million years ago in what is today central India. Formerly known as Titanosaurus colberti, Isisaurus colberti was a leaf-eating herbivore that grew up to 60 feet long and weighed as much as 15 tons
A ring of rocks and dust is orbiting the Earth. The massive continent below is Pangee and the ocean to the west is Panthalassa. This is what Earth was supposed to look like at the end of Permian, about 260 million years ago, before the first dinosaurs appeared. This ring around the Earth was of earthly origin, constitutes debris thrown into orbit by collision with a meteorite or comet. Over time, these debris have fallen or fallen to Earth in a meteorite rain - A dusty ring arc orbits four thousand miles above Earth's equator. The massive continent below is Pangea and the ocean to the west is Panthalassa. This is how the Earth may have appeared during the end of the Permian period, a time just prior to the appearance of the dinosaurs, when continental drift was pulling Pangea apart into the seven continents we know today - 260 million years ago the Earth may have been host to ring arcs similar to the incomplete rings that currently circumscribe the planet Neptune . Unlike Neptune's rings, the ring arcs around the Earth were of terrestrial origin, debris thrown into orbit by a collision with a large meteorite or comet. The debris consisted of tiny pebbles that were once molten droplets of ejecta, long since cooled in the vacuum of space. The orbit of the ring arc would eventually decay, returning the debris back to Earth as a shower of meteorites. This debris is found on Earth's surface today in the form of dark, glassy objects known as tektites.: La Terre à la fin du Permien - Ring arcs over the Permian Earth
Aardonyx - Aardonyx celestae is a genus of lower Jurassic prosauropod dinosaur. Aardonyx celestae is a prosauropod from Early Jurassic in South Africa
The Formation of the Earth - Artist's View - Meteorite strike on infant Earth - The Earth was formed 4.6 billion years ago from a gigantic cloud of gas and dust. These dust accreted to form our planet; it was subjected to a large bombardment of meteorites. A molten, infant Earth is impacted by an object about 10 miles in diameter, releasing 200 million times a much energy as the largest manmade explosion. While this collision appears negligible when compared to the scars of much larger encounters, a similar impact four billion years later may have resulted in the extinction of the dinosaurs. The Earth accrued the majority of its mass during the 100 million years following the formation of the Sun, a period referred to as the cosmic bombardment. During this era of frequent impacts and radioactive heating, the entire Earth remained molten long enough for the heavy metals iron and nickel to settle to the center of the Earth while lighter silicates floated to the surface. Today, over four and a half billion years later, the Earth is still cooling. The silicates, forming a crust only a few tens of miles thick, still float on an “” ocean”” of molten metals and minerals, and the temperature at the center of the Earth may yet be hotter than the surface of the Sun
Earth Formation - Artist View - Earth is born - Artist view - Earth was formed 4.6 billion years ago from a gigantic cloud of gas and dust. These dust accreted to form our planet, and it was subjected to a large bombardment of meteorites. 4.6 billion years ago the Sun and the planets coalesced from a vast nebular cloud of gas and dust. About a million years later the Sun began shining when it accrued enough mass to ignite its hydrogen fusion furnace. The ensuing solar wind purged the infant solar system of much of its nebular origins, while leaving dust and debris, including asteroids and planetoids, in the plane of the ecliptic to be swept up by the forming planets. This rendering suggests how the newly formed Earth and sun may have appeared shortly after the Sun's heat and solar wind cleared the inner solar system of cooler gases. The entire Earth is molten due to radioactive heating and frequent, heat - generating collisions with the remaining debris. Far above and below the Earth's orbit thousands of icy comets swarm around the Sun like bees around a hive. Some of these comets will eventually collide with the Earth and other planets, delivering water and other rare materials to these fledgling worlds
Middle Jurassic ammonites - Ammonites - Artist's view - View of ammonites artist 170 million years ago. Mollusks of the subclass Ammonoidea in a Jurassic sea 170 million years ago. The planispiral shells are about 30 inches in diameter, making them among the larger known ammonites. Also in this image are ray - finned fish of the infraclassTeleostei and jellyfish of the order Scyphozoa. Ammonites were plentiful in the Earth's oceans for about 400 million years becoming extinct, along with the dinosaurs, about 66 million years ago during the Cretaceous - Paleogene (K - Pg) extinction event. While resembling modern shelled nautiloids, these once plentiful mollusks are more closely related to living octopuses, squid, and cuttlefish
Orthoceratites & trilobites - Artist's view of an Orthoceras catching a trilobite (Asaphus kowalewskii) in an Ordovician sea 480 million years ago. Orthoceras (Greek straight horn) is a genus of mollusk cephalopod fossil. They returned in large numbers during the Paleozoic and were the main predators. Squid - like Orthoceratites (genus Orthoceras) attempt to make meals of trilobites of the species Asaphus kowalewskii at the bottom of an Ordovician sea 480 million years ago. Also featured is a sea star (AKA starfish), an echinoderm of the class Asteroidea; palm - like Crinoids (AKA sea lilies); Rugosa (AKA Tetracoralla); Favistina stellata coral; and Vauxia sponges.
Elasmotherium - Artist's view of an Elasmotherium in the steppe. This gigantic Eurasian herbivorous mammal lived about 1 million years ago. An Elasmotherium on the ancient steppe of what is today Southern Russia. Characterized by a single massive horn (up to 6 feet long), Elasmotherium was a giant herbivorous mammal active in Eurasia about 1 million years ago. Related to modern rhinos, Elasmotherium was more massive, standing about 8 feet tall at the shoulder and up to 26 feet long and weighing over 3 tons
Archegosaurus - Archegosaurus in a swamp in Europe 285 million years ago. Archegosaurus was a large, 3m long amphibian living in Permian. Ten-foot-long temnospondyl amphibians of the genus Archegosaurus lounge in an Early Permian swamp 285 million years ago in what is today Western Europe. Also in this image are several varieties of fern including tree-like seed ferns of the genus Alethopteris. Archegosaurus was a large, crocodile-like carnivore that likely fed upon fish and perhaps other amphibians
The Formation of the Earth and the Moon - Young Earth and Moon - The young Earth draped with thick clouds is illuminated by lightning and the reddish glow of volcanoes. Still surrounded by the remains of the primitive nebula, it will wait another 500 million years to cool sufisciously, form a solid crust and develop a primitive atmosphere. Top right is the Moon, still covered in molten lava. A young Earth is shrouded in turbulent, roiling clouds, while under the shadow of its night side can be seen flashes of lightning and the ruddy glow of volcanoes and lava fields illuminating the clouds from beneath. The space around the Earth is highlighted by remnants of the nebula from which the Solar System was born. On the upper right is the Earth's Moon whose lava - filled scars from massive impacts are still cooling. 500 million years after its molten birth the Earth's surface would have cooled enough for a solid crust to form, and gases delivered by comets and emissions from within would have contributed to the Earth's first, albeit primitive, atmosphere
Archean stromatolites - Illustration showing the shores of an ancient sea 3 billion years ago. In the foreground, stromatolites, aggregation of sediments and cyanobacteries. Stromatoliths have undoubtedly contributed to our dioxygen-rich atmosphere and the ozone layer that allowed the development of a more complex terrestrial and oceanic life. Dome - shaped stromatolites, averaging three feet high and four feet wide, populate the shallow shore of an ancient sea 3 billion years ago. The Moon looms near the horizon, much closer to the Earth than it is now and therefore appearing considerably larger, but otherwise looking much like the moon we know today. 3 billion years ago the first macro evidence of life on Earth may have appeared in the form of large aggregations of microorganisms and associated sediments known as stromatolites. Cyanobacteria (AKA blue - green algae) were likely one of the primary contributors to these aggregations. During the Archean Eon the Earth's atmosphere contained very little oxygen. Cyanobacteria would have thrived during this time as they employ photosynthesis to combine water, carbon dioxide, and sunlight to create their food, while the byproducts of this process are oxygen and calcium carbonate. Billions of years of photosynthetic processes by cyanobacteria other living organisms are likely the primary source of the oxygen we breathe. They also provided the oxygen that forms the protective ozone layer, filtering the shorter wavelengths of ultraviolet light from the Sun that are harmful to most forms of life. Varieties of stromatolites still flourish to this day with well - known formations in parts of Australia, Brazil, and the Bahamas
Sarcosuchus and Ornithopodes - Sarcosuchus & Ornithopoda dinosaurs - Sarcosuchus or Sarcosuchus imperator was a reptile of the order of crocodilians that was between 11 and 14 metres long and weighed nearly 10 tonnes. He lived about 112 million years ago in the cretace. It was one of the biggest crocodiles that existed on Earth. A pair of four-foot-long ornithischian dinosaurs of the order Ornithopoda give wide berth to a 40-foot-long, 10-ton crocodyliform of the genus Sarcosuchus 110 million years ago in what is today Africa. A distant relative of the crocodile, Sarcosuchus was one of the largest crocodile-like reptiles that ever lived, almost twice as long as today's saltwater crocodile
Dimetrodon Grandis - Dimetrodon grandis portrait - Artist's view of a dimetrodon about 280 million years ago. Dimetrodon is a carnivorous mammalian reptile (Therapside) living in Permian. An eleven foot long Dimetrodon grandis traverses an Earth that became cooler and dryer during the Early Permian period. 280 million years ago - long before the reign of dinosaurs - Dimetrodon emerged as the dominant land predator, a position they held for the next 20 million years. Contrary to their reptilian stance and dinosaurlike appearance, Dimetrodon are in fact more closely related to mammals, and hence to humans, than to dinosaurs or reptiles
Caudipteryx amidst Williamsonia - Caudipteryx is a genus of theropod dinosaur in the oviraptorosaur family. Maybe Caudipteryx was omnivorous. He lived 100 to 130 million years ago. It was two metres long, 60 centimetres high and a weight of 15 kilograms. It is considered an oviraptoride because of its edent beak and feathers. Peacock-sized theropod dinosaurs of the genus Caudipteryx wander a landscape dominated by cycad-like seed plants of the genus Williamsonia 125 million years ago in what is today China. Caudipteryx was a maniraptoran with a combination of reptile and bird-like features, including soft downy feathers that covered its body and a broad feathered tail. It could not fly, but was probably a swift runner
Edaphosaurus amidst cordaites - An Edaphosaur among cordaites (Cordaites angulostriatus) 300 million years ago in Europe. Edaphosaurus was a large herbivore (more than 3m long) living in Permian. A ten-foot-long, 600 pound synapsid of the genus Edaphosaurus boreages in a brackish mangrove-like swamp of gymnosperms of the genus Cordaites 300 million years ago in what is today Western Europe. Like its better-known synapsid cousin Dimetrodon, Edaphosaurus had a large sail on its back supported by elongated neural spines, however unlike Dimetrodon, these spines include numerous short cross bars; while the sail may have served the purpose of both helping to regulate body temperature and as sexual display, the purpose of the cross bars is unknown. Jaw and teeth structure suggests that Edaphosaurus probably dined on both plants and small invertebrates, such as mollusks. Tree-like Cordaites, now extinct, grew on wet ground similar to the Everglades in Florida, numerous fossils of which are now found associated with coal deposits. Also in this image are several examples of extinct seed fern of the genus Neuropteris as well as smaller examples of generic fern that may have been present during the period. Other fauna include two examples of the large dragonfly-like Meganeura, a centipede, and in the foreground a juvenile prehistoric shark of the genus Xenacanthus, its distinctive spine projecting from the back of its head and out of the water
Desmatosuchus - Desmatosuchus is a fossil genus of Archosaurians who lived in the Upper Triassic of Texas. He cotoyed the first dinosaurs, like Coelophysis. It was about 5 metres long and 1.5 metres high. It was one of the largest Aetosaurs. 15-foot-long, 750 pound aetosaurian archosaurs of the genus Desmatosuchus search for edible roots amidst cycads and ferns 230 million years ago in what is today Texas. Armored plates and spikes, with some spikes up to 18 inches long, helped protect this otherwise vulnerable crocodile-like herbivore from the many terrestrial predators of the period including rauisuchian archosaurs like Postosuchus. Desmatosuchus is also notable for its unusual pig‑like head and shovel-like snout which were likely well-suited for uprooting small plants
Tanystropheus - Two Tanystropheus, six-metre-long marine reptiles, swim in a bay in China 230 million years ago. A pair of 20-foot-long, 300 pound reptiles of the genus Tanystropheus swim in an ocean bay 230 million years ago in what is today China. On the shore are a pair of 6-foot-long bipedal basal saurischian dinosaurs and beyond them on the horizon are 60-foot-tall araucarians, an ancient family of coniferous trees. Horsetails and ferns flourish near the water. Tanystropheus was not a dinosaur, rather it was an ancient marine reptile, an archosaur, that hunted ocean shores at a time when true dinosaurs were only making their first appearance on land. Tanystropheus was likely a fish-eater due to its long, narrow snout and sharp interlocking teeth typical of marine predators. Tanystropheus had an extraordinarily long neck, as long as its body and tail combined, though with only ten vertebrae it was likely not very flexible. Here Tanystropheus are shown extending their head and necks fully out of the water, which may have indeed been possible due to a heavy and muscular counter-balancing tail